9. Topics that are Cover
Energy Resources and Industrialization
Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources
Land Resources
Resource Management
2
10. 3
Objectives:
At the end of discussion, the students are
able to;
1. Identify, analyze, and explain the
principles of geopolitics.
2. Enumerate the resources that are
shown by the discussion.
3. Determine on How Energy Resources
and Industrialization affects the
Geography.
11. Energy Resources and
Industrialization
Abundant fossil fuels, together with the innovative
machinery they powered, ushered in an era of rapid
development that is transforming human society
today.
4
13. Transformation of agrarian-rural societies to industrial-
urban societies.
Dominating by manufacturing goods and services.
It is linked to the industrial revolution in England in the 18th
century.
More on innovating machinery.
It fastens the production process.
It improves economic growth quickly.
6
14. 7
Even though, it has a positive impact,
there are still a problem that are
presented such as;
Inequality
Poverty
Social Cohesion
Environmental degradation
16. 9
References:
Stephens, N. (2015, October 19). Energy Resources. Tulane
University. Retrieved April 2, 2022, from
https://www.tulane.edu/%7Esanelson/eens1110/energy.htm
Hayter, R., & Patchell, J. (2013). Geography of Industrialization.
Geography. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199874002-0027
The Industrial Revolution (article). (n.d.). Khan Academy. Retrieved
April 2, 2022, from
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/big-history-
project/acceleration/bhp-acceleration/a/the-industrial-revolution
18. RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Renewable resources are those that are in infinite supply.
Major types of renewable energy include solar, wind,
hydroelectric power, biofuels, and geothermal energy.
Renewable resources also produce clean energy, meaning less
pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to
climate change.
19. Renewable
Resources include:
BIOMASS
Biomass refers to
organic material
from plants or
animals. This
includes wood,
sewage, and ethanol
(which comes from
corn or other plants).
HYDROPOWER
Hydropower, or
hydroelectric power,
is one of the oldest
and largest sources of
renewable energy,
which uses the
natural flow of
moving water to
generate electricity.
GEOTHERMAL
ENERGY
Geothermal energy
comes from the heat
generated deep within
the Earth’s core.
Geothermal reservoirs
can be found at tectonic
plate boundaries near
volcanic activity or deep
underground.
20. Renewable
Resources include:
RADIATION
Radiation from the
Sun can be used as
a power source as
well. Photovoltaic
cells can be used to
convert this solar
energy into
electricity.
WIND ENERGY
Wind energy
generates electricity
by turning wind
turbines. The wind
pushes the turbine’s
blades, and a
generator converts
this mechanical
energy into electricity.
22. NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES
nonrenewable resources are limited in supply and cannot be
used sustainably.
We depend on fossil fuels because they are energy-rich and
relatively cheap to process.
major problem with fossil fuels, aside from their being in
limited supply, is that burning them releases carbon dioxide
into the atmosphere.
23. Four (4) major
types of
nonrenewable
resources
OIL
Crude oil is a liquid
fuel fossil fuel that is
used mostly to
produce gasoline and
diesel fuel for vehicles.
Natural gas is
widely used for
cooking and for
heating homes.
NATURAL GAS
Coal is a solid fossil
fuel that is used for
heating homes and
generating power
plants.
COAL NUCLEAR
ENERGY
Nuclear energy
comes from
radioactive elements
24. RESOURCES
NONRENEWABLE
RESOURCES | NATIONAL
GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclope
dia/nonrenewable-resources/
RENEWABLE RESOURCES |
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC
SOCIETY
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclope
dia/renewable-resources/
“CHAPTER 13 - ENVIRONMENT AND
RESOURCES” IN “INTRODUCTION TO
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY” ON OPENALG
(MANIFOLDAPP.ORG)
https://alg.manifoldapp.org/read/introduction-to-human-
geography/section/4c74a40c-ca29-431f-9853-81698e2d2359
26. What is
What is
Land
Land Resources?
Resources?
The term “land resources” encompasses the physical, biotic,
environmental, infrastructural and socio-economic components of a
natural land unit, including surface and near-surface freshwater
resources important for management
27. Landforms such as hills, valleys, plains, river basins and
wetlands include different resource generating areas that
the people living in them depend on. Many traditional
farming societies had ways of preserving areas from which
they used resources.
Land is a major resource for agricultural development
worldwide. Land resource refers to the land available for
exploitation, like non-agricultural lands for buildings,
developing townships etc
28. Land as Resource
Land resource is our basic resource
It is a productive economic factor in
agriculture, forestry, grazing, fishing and
mining
It is considered as a foundation of social
prestige and is the basis of wealth and political
power
29. LAND DEGRATION
LAND DEGRATION
Land degradation is the process of deterioration of soil or
loss of fertility of soil. The causes of land degradation can be
divided into natural hazards, direct causes, and underlying
causes. Natural hazards are the conditions of the physical
environment which lead to the existence of a high
degradation hazard, for example steep slopes as a hazard for
water erosion. Direct causes are unsuitable land use and
inappropriate land management practices
30. CAUSES OF LAND DEGRATION
CAUSES OF LAND DEGRATION
POPULATION
HUMAN ACTIVITES
URBANIZATION
FERTILIZERS AND
PESTICIDES
DAMAGE TO TOP
SOIL
31. 1% 2% 3%
4% 5% 6%
IMPACT OF LAND
IMPACT OF LAND
DEGRATION
DEGRATION
Loss of soil organic
matter and nutrients.
Loss of soil
structure.
Loss of soil biodiversity
Soil pollution Reduced land value
and resilience to
future events.
Reduces ability to
adapt to climate
change
32. Sustainable Land
Sustainable Land
Management:
Management:
hus Sustainable Land Management (SLM) is crucial to minimizing land
degradation, rehabilitating degraded areas and ensuring the optimal use of
land resources for the benefit of present and future generations. Sustainable
Land Management is based on four common principles: • land-user-driven and
participatory approaches; • Integrated use of natural resources at ecosystem
and farming systems levels.
33. Managing irrigation
Managing irrigation
Management on overgrazing
Management on overgrazing
Managing mining and quarrying
Managing mining and quarrying
Some of the methods for sustainable management of
Some of the methods for sustainable management of
land are:
land are:
34. LANDSLIDE
LANDSLIDE
Landslides refer to a rapid down-slope movement of rocks or soil
mass under the force of gravity. It is also known as slope failure and
mass wasting. Landslides may be typed as mudflow where there is
down-slope movement of soil and debris flow, which is the
downslope movement of coarse material and rocks. Landslides may
occur when water from rain and melting snow, seeps through the
earth on a sloppy surface and encounters a layer of loose, unstable
material such as clay. Landslides mostly occur on unstable hillsides
by the action of rain or snow that seep through the soils and rocks
35. 1% 2% 3%
4% 5%
The important factors
The important factors
responsible for landslide
responsible for landslide
occurrence are as follows:
occurrence are as follows:
. Stability of slope The type of
earth and rock
material
The type of
vegetation
The role of ground
water conditions
and precipitation
Presence of streams
36. Impact on the Environment:
Landslides, though local in nature, occur
quite often in many parts of the world.
Landslides occur in the hilly regions; the
Himalayan region in India is particularly
prone to landslides. Every year landslides
occur, especially during the monsoon season
and cause much damage to life and
property. For example, Malpa landslide in
1999 in the Kumaon hills, took the lives of
many pilgrims who were going to
Mansarovar in Tibet.
37. Prevention, Control and Mitigation:
Prevention, Control and Mitigation:
Though landslides are a natural phenomenon and may occur
without human interference, in certain cases human activities
like deforestation, mining, etc. can also induce landslides.
Landslides can be controlled, to some extent, by adopting
initiatives, such as providing slope support and minimizing
human encroachment.
Mining activities should be monitored in the hilly, unstable regions. ii.
Plantation of trees should be undertaken on the unstable hilly slopes.
iii. By preventing human encroachment in the form of buildings,
roads, agriculture, grazing, etc. on unstable slopes
Minimizing human
Minimizing human
encroachment:
encroachment:
38. SOIL EROSION
SOIL EROSION
‘Soil erosion’ has been defined as the gradual removal of the top soil
by running water, wind, glacier, sea-waves, anthropogenic agents
and animals. – Soil erosion is a universal phenomenon. – According to
one estimate about 75, 000 million tonnes of soil is removed by these
agents annually.
39. Normal erosion
Normal erosion
This is caused by the gradual removal of topsoil by natural
processes. The rate of erosion is slow.
Accelerated erosion
Accelerated erosion
This is caused by manmade activities. In this case, the
rate of erosion is much faster than the rate of formation
of soil.
TYPES OF SOIL EROSION
TYPES OF SOIL EROSION
40. 1% 2% 3%
4%
5%
Causes of soil Erosion
Causes of soil Erosion
Running water Wind Erosion Anthropogenic
factors
Biotic agents: Landslides cause
soil erosion
41. Harmful Effects of Soil Erosion
• Loss of fertile top soil leading to gradual loss of soil fertility and agricultural
productivity.
• Loss of mineral nutrients from soil through leaching and flooding.
• Loss of soil ability to hold water and sediment
• Sediment runoff can pollute water courses and kill aquatic life
• Lowering of the underground water table and decrease in the percentage of soil
moisture.
• Drying of vegetation and extension of arid lands.
• Increase in frequency of droughts and floods.
• Silting of river and canal belts.
• Recurrence of landslides.
• Adverse effect on economic prosperity and cultural development.
42. 1% 2% 3%
4% 5%
SOIL CONSERVATION
SOIL CONSERVATION
Conservational till
farming or no-till
farming:ng water
Contour
farming
Terracing
Alley cropping or
Agro forestry
Wind breaks or
shelter belts
Unchecked soil erosion leads to poverty and
reduces the strength of a nation. Some of the
important steps for soil conservation areas under:
43. DESERTIFICATION
DESERTIFICATION
Natural resources are resources that exist without any actions of
humankind. Thus water, air, soil, minerals, coal, forests, crops, and
wildlife are all examples of natural resources.
44. CAUSES OF DESERTIFICATION
CAUSES OF DESERTIFICATION
Desertification is caused by two main categories of factors: natural
factors and, more importantly, human activities. The natural factors
causing desertification include the following:
1. The climate has a major influence through rainfall, solar radiation
and wind, which affect the rates of physical and mechanical erosion
as well as chemical and biological degradation of soil.
2. The relief of a land affects the rate of soil erosion by water.
3. The textile, structure, and chemical and biological status of soil are
predominant factors determining the soil properties in dry sub-
humid zones
45. HUMAN ACTIVITIES CAUSES DESERTIFICATION
1. Uncontrolled use of fire for regenerating pasture, for hunting or for agricultural clearing
2. Over-exploitation of woody resources, particularly for fuel wood and timber
3. Over-grazing of selective vegetation
4. Removal of hedges, which can act as wind breaks, on soil so that the soil is more
susceptible to erosion by wind
5. Over-harvesting which results in abandoned fields
6. Agricultural practices that destroy the soil structure such as intensive ploughing
7. Agricultural practices that result in continuous removal of soil nutrients
8. Monoculture of cash crops, leading to severe reduction in soil fertility
9. Inappropriate irrigation of soil, leading to salinization, waterlogging and abandoned
fields eventually.
46. The environmental impact of
desertification
Farmlands are important natural resources. Humans
rely on them for food. Desertification results in the loss
of farmlands, and significantly threatens the living
standard and well-being of people inhabiting the areas
concerned. This also leads to social problems such as
environmental refugees whose lands are too eroded for
cultivation or rearing livestock. Desertification also has
serious impact on the natural environment. It breaks
down the fragile balance that allows plant and animal
life to develop in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid
zones. This breakdown of the equilibrium represents
the start of a process that destroys the natural and
stable ecosystem
48. >Resource Management was known as Human Resource
Management.
> Natural Resource Management refers to the management
of natural resources such as land, water, soil, plants, and
animals, with a particular focus on how management affects
the quality of life for both present and future generations.
RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT
49. > Resources management examines strategies and
technologies for resource development in order to
sustain economic growth without hampering the
environment.
>Resource allocation is spatial and temporal
the placing of resource uses in a pattern reflects the
goals, priorities, and aspirations of a community.
50. Resources Classification
There are the different basis for the classification of resources.
These bases are categorically given here
On the basis of origin, resources may be divided into:
• Biotic – Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere, such as
plants and their products, animals, birds and their products, fish and
other marine organisms. Mineral fuels such as coal and petroleum are
also included in this category because they are formed from decayed
organic matter.
• Abiotic – Abiotic resources include non-living things. Examples
include land, water, air and minerals including ores such as gold, iron,
copper, silver etc.
51. Considering their stage of development, natural resources may be referred
to in the following ways:
• Potential Resources – Potential resources are those that exist in a region
and may be used in the future. For example, petroleum may exist in many
parts of Nepal, having sedimentary rocks but until the time it is actually
drilled out and put into use, it remains a potential resource. • Actual
Resources – Actual resources are those that have been surveyed, their
quantity and quality determined, and are being used in the present time
• Reserve Resources – The part of an actual resource that can be developed
profitably in the future is called a reserve resource.
• Stock Resources – Stock resources are those that have been surveyed but
cannot be used by organisms due to lack of technology. Hydrogen is its
example
52. With respect to renewability, natural resources can be
categorized as follows:
• Renewable resources are ones that can be replenished or
reproduced easily. Some of them, like sunlight, air, wind, etc., are
continuously available and their quantity is not affected by
human consumption
• Non-renewable resources are formed over very long
geological periods. Minerals and fossil fuels are included in this
category. Since their rate of formation is extremely slow, they
cannot be replenished once they get depleted.
53. • On the basis of availability, natural resources can be
categorized as follows:
• Inexhaustible natural resources- Those resources
which are present in unlimited quantity in nature and
are not likely to be exhausted easily by human activity
are inexhaustible natural resources (sunlight, air etc.)
• Exhaustible natural resources- The amount of these
resources is limited. They can be exhausted by human
activity in the long run (coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc.)
54. On basis of an economic point of view, resources are
commonly divided into two major types :
• Stock or non-renewable, and
• Flow or renewable
55. Stock resources – all minerals and land – are
substances that have taken millions of years to form
and so from a human perspective are now fixed in
supply.
Flow resources – are defined as those which are
naturally renewed within a sufficiently short time span
to be of relevancy of human being
