3. INTRODUCTION
Human biological monitoring (HBM) assesses exposure by
measuring chemicals or their metabolites in body fluids,
such as blood and urine. HBM allows quantification of the
amount of a chemical that has been absorbed into the body
from all potential sources.
4. Continue…………
• Biological monitoring is the measurement and assessment of
work place agents or their metabolites either in tissue, secreta
,excreta, expired air or any combination of this to evaluate
exposure and health risk compared to an appropriate
reference.( defined 1980, NIOSH and OSHA 1984)
• Biological monitoring is one of three important tool in
prevention of disease due to the toxic agent the general or
occupational environment
5. CONT………….
• Examples of biological monitoring including obtaining a blood
lead level or zinc protoporphyrin level in a workers with known
lead exposure.
• Obtaining a urinary phenol level in a worker with benzene
exposure.
• Obtaining a red blood cell cholinesterase level in a worker with
organophosphate pesticide exposure.
6. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Biological monitoring: is a way of assessing chemical exposures by
measuring the chemical or its breakdown products in a biological
sample of workers (Usually urine, blood or breath)
Biomarker: is measures used to perform a clinical assessment such as
blood pressure or cholestearol level and are used to monitor and predict
health state in individual so that appropriate therapeutic intervention can
planned
Internal dose: is the amount of compound that is absorbed by the body
by penetrating an epithelial barrier such as the skin, eyes, respiratory
tract or gastrointestinal tract.
Biological monitoring media: areas where chemicals are measured to
obtain contents of compounds present in bodily fluids.
7. FORMS/TYPES OF MONITORING
THERE ARE MAINLY TWO TYPES
1. Monitoring of exposure. The of measuring the extent of
chemical or biological agent durig a specific task e.g dust,
noise level
2. Monitoring of effect, is the measurement of biological effect
resulting from absorption of chemical e.g measurement of
protien in urine of workers exposed to cadmium to check their
kidney function
8. THE GOALS/PURPOSE OF MONITORING OF
EXPOSURE & EFFECTS
The aim of biological monitoring is to prevent unacceptable
health risks of chemical exposure and to provide information on
the control of occupational exposure.
9. CATEGORIES OF BIOMARKERS
Biomarkers are classified into three categories depending on their use or the specific
context in which the test is being used.
1. A biomarker of exposure
Biomarkers of exposure identify and measure chemical
residues in tissue or body fluids, metabolites of xenobiotic
compounds, or physiological outcomes that occur as a result of
exposure. For example, lead in blood may fairly represent the
recent lead exposure of the individual.
10. Con…
2. A biomarker of effect
Is a measurable alteration (biochemical, structural, functional,
behavioral, etc.) in an organism that can be associated with an
established or potential health impairment or disease. For
example, the value of Zinc protoporphyrin in blood is
increased when lead exposure caused changes in the
production of hemoglobin. Biomarkers of genotoxicity
(chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, Comet test) are used
to measure exposure to genotoxic chemicals, usually at group
level. They are sensitive but not specific indicators and
generally inadequate for occupational risk
assessment purposes.
11. Cont….
3. A biomarker of susceptibility
Is the marker of an ability to adversely respond to the
challenge of exposure to a chemical. Genes can make certain
individuals more vulnerable to toxins such as lead. These
effect-modifying factors can be inherent or acquired.
Biomarkers of susceptibility are not generally used in routine
biomonitoring.
14. Principle of biological monitoring in human
Measuring the amount of the chemical, to which the worker is
exposed, in blood or urine (rarely in milk, saliva, or fat)
In this case an individual working in a specific industry responsible
for emission of toxic substances is required to excrete in order
sample of urine is to be measured to obtain result.
Measuring the amount of one or more metabolites of the
chemical involved in the same body fluids.
The contents obtained is measured against others chemicals so as
to obtain the chemical reaction they have in the body.
Measuring the concentration of volatile organic compounds
(solvents) in alveolar air
15. Cont…..
The purpose of measuring the concentration to obtain the
functionality of lungs if the concentration is higher a person is
said to encounter respiratory diseases.
Measuring the biologically effective dose of compounds
which have formed adducts to DNA or other large molecules
and which thus have a potential genotoxic effect.
After in inhalation compounds such as lead it adds to DNA to
change the main structure of DNA after several make up a
person is said to undergo mutation of certain compound.
16. CONCLUSION
Human Biological Monitoring (HBM) Aimed to identifying early and
reversible alternatives which develops the critical organ & It acts as
principal tool for the health surveillance of worker.
Through (HBM) public health practitioner will be able to predict
occupational hazards and respond to them appropriately.
17. Any question ?
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18. REFERRENCES
• Human biomonitoring: facts and figures. Copenhagen: WHO
Regional Office for Europe, 2015
• Kelada, S.N, Shelton, E., Kaufmann, R. B. & Khoury, M. J., 'Delta-
aminolevulinic acid dehydratase genotype and lead toxicity: a
HuGE review', Am. J. Epidemiol., 2001
• Drexler, H., Göen, T. & Schaller, K. H., 'Biological tolerance
values: change in a paradigm concept from assessment of a single
value to use of an average', International Archives of Occupational
and Environmental Health 82, 2008
• Manini, P., De Palma, G. & Mutti, A., 'Exposure assessment at the
workplace: Implications of biological variability', Toxicology
Letters, 2007
