This slideshow discusses how to design a tunnel to best fit your needs and once you buy that tunnel, how to set it up for maximum efficiency. Come away with strategies for 100% utilization of your space, energy efficiency, using trolleys, crop stacking, efficient heating, innovative venting, removable endwalls, and more.
2. This talk will be on my blog..
www.michael-kilpatrick.com
3. Background
• Ran Kilpatrick Family Farm 2004-2015
• Have interned at Polyface, Inc, Pleasant Valley
Farm, collaborated with Eliot Coleman, others.
• Now consult full-time for clients/companies from
Alaska to New York
• Work with Four Season Tools as an Agricultural
Specialist.
4. Passionate about…
• Helping small farms become sustainable and
effective businesses
• Four season farming and season extension
• Slow Tools and machinery outfitting for small farms
5. We were in Middle Granville, NY - an hour
north of Albany, NY Zone 4b
26. Where are we going today?
• A few basics
• Tunnel size
• Plastic Options
• Rowcovers/ Low Tunnels
• Inside Covers
• Propagation House
Efficiencies
• Endwall Options
• Ventilation
• Movable Houses
• Watering Efficiencies
• Heating
• Crop Economics
27. E-W or N-S?
• whatever the grade will allow
• above 40 degrees east-west
• below 40 degrees doesn’t matter
28.
29.
30. Tunnel location
• not under trees, shaded, power poles
• protected from high winds
• watch north sides of mountains
• high and dry is always good- not on a flood
plain
• difference is summer and winter shade
31. drainage
• a 30 X 100 tunnel will shed 1800 gallons
from a 1” of rain.
• where is that going to go?
• drain tile buried around edge back filled
with crushed stone
• can drain to a cistern for reuse.
32. What is your tunnel for?
• Winter production
• washing shed
• propagation house
• heated production
• hydroponics
37. 14 K 14 K
58 K
Area of hoophouses 28,000 cubic ft
Area of high tunnel 58,000 cubic ft
38. smaller houses have more edge effect
1/6.81/12.5
4500 Sq. FT 4500 Sq. FT
1 30X150 house vs 2 15X150 houses
39. • BIG 40 X 200
• high sidewalls/with
rollups
• groundheat
• peak vents
• metal framed
polycarbonate/poly end
walls
The perfect greenhouse
40. Thermal Film (IR)
Infrared heat blocking additives
reduce radiant energy loss. Can
block IR heat loss by half , which is
15-25% of total heat loss at night.
38
Plastic Options
41. Anti-Condensate Plastic (AC)
Anti-fog surfactants make poly
covering less repellant to water.
Condensate will sheet and run down
to the sides of the structure rather
than bead and drop on the foliage of
plants below. Condensation also
reduces light transmission.
39
54. Double layer or single
• only reason for single is if trying to get maximum
light
• double helps tunnel stay more rigid
• reduces heat loss by 40%
• sheds snow better
58. What do row covers
actually do?
• Trap heat and warms the soil
59. What do row covers
actually do?
• Trap heat and warms the soil
• reduce wind desiccation
60. What do row covers
actually do?
• Trap heat and warms the soil
• reduce wind desiccation
• cut sunscalding/burning on crops
61. What do row covers
actually do?
• Trap heat and warms the soil
• reduce wind desiccation
• cut sunscalding/burning on crops
• keep frozen greens from thawing too quickly
62. What do row covers
actually do?
• Trap heat and warms the soil
• reduce wind desiccation
• cut sunscalding/burning on crops
• keep frozen greens from thawing too quickly
• traps moisture reduces irrigation needs
72. Row cover thoughts
• Cheap, thin covers are not worth the money
• multiple layers trap heat between them
73. Row cover thoughts
• Cheap, thin covers are not worth the money
• multiple layers trap heat between them
• hoops (ours are custom) keep rowcover off growing tips
and from burning greens in the fall
74. Row cover thoughts
• Cheap, thin covers are not worth the money
• multiple layers trap heat between them
• hoops (ours are custom) keep rowcover off growing tips
and from burning greens in the fall
• covers can increase disease pressure through trapping
moisture
83. Cover thoughts
For maximum growth and disease suppression
we’re taking the covers off as soon as they are
not frozen in the morning and putting them back
on between 4-5 pm
84. Cover thoughts
For maximum growth and disease suppression
we’re taking the covers off as soon as they are
not frozen in the morning and putting them back
on between 4-5 pm
The closer the cover is to the crop the more heat
retained- we don’t want it touching though
85. Cover thoughts
For maximum growth and disease suppression
we’re taking the covers off as soon as they are
not frozen in the morning and putting them back
on between 4-5 pm
Can use either rowcover or plastic for covers- plastic
may cause problems with humidity- although...
The closer the cover is to the crop the more heat
retained- we don’t want it touching though
102. Our Propagation House
• all transplants on farm are started here in
this 17’ x 48’ house
• air and bench heat
103. Our Propagation House
• all transplants on farm are started here in
this 17’ x 48’ house
• air and bench heat
• Note germination chamber on right
104. Our Propagation House
• all transplants on farm are started here in
this 17’ x 48’ house
• air and bench heat
• Note germination chamber on right
• hose on wire and pulleys
105. Our Propagation House
• all transplants on farm are started here in
this 17’ x 48’ house
• air and bench heat
• Note germination chamber on right
• hose on wire and pulleys
• benches are covered with several layers of
rowcover at night to retain heat
115. Germination Chambers
Germination Chamber
Germination chamber offers ideal
environment for germinating seeds
Warmth
High Humidity - Auto-fill heated water
pan for maintained humidity
Heat a smaller space for lesser fuel inputs
Ample Space
Fits 20,160 - ¾” soil blocks.
130. Pleasant valley farm
propagation house
• Rollup door at end
• rollup sides for hardening off
and easy access to remove
plants
• 95% space utilization
• heated, rolling benches
• potting shed at end to germ
lettuce, start plants
• roof vent for winter venting
potting shed
Driveway
Driveway
hose manifold w/ mixing valve
143. Wood in a Greenhouse?
• treated not allowed for organic production
• cedar or locust expensive and hard to
work with
• 6-8 years regular wood lifespan
• Metal is for life
• Flaretubing is pretty cool stuff
202. Winter Watering
Water only to set seeds or transplants and then
only when soil seems dry
We water only on very sunny days and then only
in the early morning. Plants need time to
dry out before night.
205. Irrigation
Overhead Irrigation:
Requires higher pressure system
Drop assemblies in tunnels or sprinklers on stands for fields
Mimics rainfall
Can be used to water in direct seeded crops
Different options for droplet size, diameter of spray, pattern of spray, and flow rate
Can be manually or automatically operated
207. Drip Irrigation:
Compatible with lower pressure systems
Uses less water
Provides water at root zone
Not generally used for watering in direct seeded crops
Different options for different flow rates and crops
Can be buried or laid on soil surface
Can be manually or automatically operated
208.
209.
210.
211.
212. Rainwater collection from roofs can be calculated using
the following formulas:
1 inch of rain on a 1,000 square feet (93 m2) roof yields 623
gallons (2358 liters) of water; or
1 cubic foot equals (12 inch by 12-inch (300 mm) by 12-inch
(300 mm) cube) equals 7.48 gallons; or
1 millimeter of rain on a 1 square meter surface yields 1 liter
of water.
1in on 1,000 ft2 = 623 gallons
1in on 1,606 ft2 = 1,000 gallons
238. Biochar + Heat
• James Madison University
• "Wayne Teel -" <teelws@jmu.edu
• Appalachian State University
• David Domermuth-
<domermuthdh@appstate.edu>
240. • With our heat system we can raise the soil
temp 3 degrees during the night
Winter growing is a sun driven system
241. • With our heat system we can raise the soil
temp 3 degrees during the night
• The sun can raise the soil 5 degrees and
the air 40 degrees on a mostly sunny day.
Winter growing is a sun driven system
248. Heat
Constantly growing system- growth slows
in December and January but doesn’t stop
Less worry about cold damage
this is a growing system so covers need
to be removed for light- opposed to
a stockpiling system
249. Heat
Constantly growing system- growth slows
in December and January but doesn’t stop
Less worry about cold damage
this is a growing system so covers need
to be removed for light- opposed to
a stockpiling system
in ground system to heat a 26 x 148 runs
between five and seven thousand
250. air doesn’t store heat
like soil does- air temp in
the greenhouse will drop
40-50 degrees in a matter
of hours- Soil will only loose
2-4 degrees on an average
night
most growers
who are doing
heated production
are heating the soil
The soil is what
is actually feeding
the plant- therefore
more important and
more efficient to heat
251. air doesn’t store heat
like soil does- air temp in
the greenhouse will drop
40-50 degrees in a matter
of hours- Soil will only loose
2-4 degrees on an average
night
most growers
who are doing
heated production
are heating the soil
The soil is what
is actually feeding
the plant- therefore
more important and
more efficient to heat
252. air doesn’t store heat
like soil does- air temp in
the greenhouse will drop
40-50 degrees in a matter
of hours- Soil will only loose
2-4 degrees on an average
night
most growers
who are doing
heated production
are heating the soil
The soil is what
is actually feeding
the plant- therefore
more important and
more efficient to heat Also, heating with air under
covers can be quite difficult
and heating the whole greenhouse
(using no covers) is very expensive