1. Prof. Carlo AngeloProf. Carlo Angelo SgoifoSgoifo RossiRossi
DepartmentDepartment of Food Science andof Food Science and TechnologyTechnology forfor FoodFood SafetySafety,, VeterinaryVeterinary SchoolSchool -- University of MilanUniversity of Milan
RESPIRATORY DISEASE DURING IMPORTED BEEF CATTLERESPIRATORY DISEASE DURING IMPORTED BEEF CATTLE
ADAPTATION PHASE:ADAPTATION PHASE:
RISK FACTORS AND ECONOMIC IMPACTRISK FACTORS AND ECONOMIC IMPACT
Merial Symposium Lisbon 2010
Current and New Approaches to the use of Antibiotics in the Control of Bovine
Respiratory Disease (BRD). Can we do better?

2. 1.1. TransportTransport
2.2. BRDBRD
3.3. ManagementManagement prepre && immediatelyimmediately afterafter
transporttransport
4.4. Welfare and managementWelfare and management
5.5. EconomicEconomic impact and productionimpact and production costcost
SUMMARYSUMMARY
RiskRisk factorsfactors forfor bovinebovine respiratoryrespiratory
diseasedisease in newin new receivingreceiving beefbeef cattlecattle::

3. LiveLive beefbeef cattlecattle import in Italy 2009import in Italy 2009
Source: NationalSource: National BankBank
FRANCE
Tot. ImportTot. Import
1.387.0001.387.000
Tot. ImportTot. Import
1.100.0831.100.083
Tot. ImportTot. Import
1.252.6761.252.676
73%73%
69%69%79%79%
Blue
Tongue

4. 1. TRANSPORT:1. TRANSPORT: beforebefore,, duringduring and afterand after

6. InfestionInfestion levelslevels of a sampleof a sample populationpopulation ofof
charolaisecharolaise beefbeef cattlecattle (18 stock(18 stock -- 990990 headsheads))
78.5
25.4
8.3 9.5
75.4
0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
10 0
S t r ogi l i GI Ne ma t odi r us Tr i c hur i s spp. M oni e z i a spp Coc c i di a

7. Stress andStress and itsits mainmain effectseffects
•• ImmunosuppressionImmunosuppression
•• ReductionReduction ofof ruminalruminal motilitymotility
•• ChangesChanges inin nutrientsnutrients absorptionabsorption
•• IncreaseIncrease inin nutrientsnutrients
requirementsrequirements
•• IncreasedIncreased tracemineralstraceminerals lossloss byby
kidneykidney excretionexcretion
RECEIVING PERIODRECEIVING PERIOD
AA criticalcritical moment ofmoment of beefbeef
cattlecattle breedingbreeding

8. ResultResult::

9. 2. BRD:2. BRD: IncidenceIncidence duringduring receivingreceiving periodperiod
((StudyStudy on 13.230 headon 13.230 head withwith metaphylaxismetaphylaxis))
(Sgoifo Rossi et al., 2004)

10. SeasonSeason effecteffect onon respiratoryrespiratory diseasedisease incidenceincidence
(Ripamonti e Sgoifo Rossi, 2007)
((StudyStudy on 17.696 headon 17.696 head withwith metaphylaxismetaphylaxis))

11. WEIGHTWEIGHT and BRDand BRD duringduring receivingreceiving periodperiod ((cattlecattle withwith livelive weightweight
lowerlower thanthan 300 kg,300 kg, betweenbetween 300 and 400 kg and300 and 400 kg and higherhigher thanthan 340 kg)340 kg)
(Sgoifo Rossi et al., 2004)
((StudyStudy on 13.230 headon 13.230 head withwith metaphylaxismetaphylaxis andand fedfed beforebefore transporttransport))

12. TEMPERAMENTTEMPERAMENT andand immunizationimmunization responseresponse
((BrahmanBrahman bull, 189bull, 189±±6 kg)6 kg)
(Olimphin et al., 2006)
CALMCALM NERVOUSNERVOUS
InitialInitial antibodyantibody responseresponse toto vaccinationvaccination,, daysdays 66 66
Peak antibodyPeak antibody responseresponse,, daysdays 1313 1313
Antibody at booster (d 42Antibody at booster (d 42°°)) -- 74 %74 %
Antibody after 34 dAntibody after 34 d toto booster (d 76booster (d 76°°)) + 56 %+ 56 %
CortisolCortisol atat weaningweaning, ng/ml, ng/ml 4.834.83±±1.221.22 9.309.30±±1.951.95

13. 3. MANAGEMENT:3. MANAGEMENT: prepre and afterand after transporttransport
•• MixedMixed oror notnot afterafter transporttransport
•• Fed orFed or notnot beforebefore transporttransport
•• NutritionNutrition afterafter arrivalarrival
-- NutritionalNutritional levellevel
-- MineralsMinerals andand vitaminsvitamins

14. MorbilityMorbility duringduring receivingreceiving periodperiod inin mixedmixed oror notnot beefbeef cattlecattle
Sowell et al., 1999 - mod

15. ((StudyStudy on 1000 headon 1000 head withwith metaphylaxismetaphylaxis))
FED or NOTFED or NOT beforebefore transporttransport andand healthhealth problemproblem
(Sgoifo Rossi and Ripamonti, 2007)
WEIGHT LOSS Not fed before transport Fed before transport
Number of subjects 515 485
Mean weight, Kg 400  80 393  91
Weight loss, % of B.W. 1.40  0.45 4.58  0.62
Incidence of resp. dis. % 28.54 9.48
“Problematic bovine”, %
Resp. disease, %
LSD–nut, % *
LSD–tra, % *
10.29
67.92
20.75
11.33
5.56
66.66
22.22
11.12
Mortality, % 1.747 0.618

16. EFFECTS OF FEED AND WATER RESTRICTION DURING TRANSPORTEFFECTS OF FEED AND WATER RESTRICTION DURING TRANSPORT
• Reduction of rumen volume
• Reduction of frequency and lenght of ruminal contraction
• Reduction of ruminal motility
• Reduction of ruminal feed turnover
• Alteration of ruminal bacteria population
DigestiveDigestive alterationsalterations thatthat happenhappen duringduring trasportationtrasportation can compromise upcan compromise up toto 75% and75% and
forfor moremore thanthan 33 daysdays ruminalruminal fermentativefermentative capabilitiescapabilities ((HuthcensonHuthcenson and cole, 1990)and cole, 1990)
NUTRITION AFTER ARRIVALNUTRITION AFTER ARRIVAL andand healthhealth problemproblem

17. CRUDE PROTEIN level in receiving
diets and trial-indexed morbidity rate
Galyean et al., 1999
LofgreenLofgreen etet a., 1983a., 1983
ENERGY LEVELENERGY LEVEL inin
receivingreceiving dietsdiets andand
morbilitymorbility
25 %25 %
50 %50 %
75 %75 %
++ MorbilityMorbility
++ SeveritySeverity
ConcentrateConcentrate MorbilityMorbility SickSick dayday
2.52.5
2.72.7
3.33.3
47 %47 %
49 %49 %
57 %57 %

18. BASE Diet
Corn silage 10.0
Straw 0.7
Wheat bran 1.0
Corn meal 3.5
Soybean 1.3
Mineral‐Vit 0.15
VITAMINS and MINERALS inin typicaltypical receivingreceiving dietdiet
Vit A, UI 48000
Vit D,UI 16000
Vit E, UI 250
Vit. B1, mg 10
Vit. B2, mg 20
Vit. B6, mg 20
Vit. B12, mg 0.03
Mg, g 21
K, g 99
S, g 17
Na, g 20
Cl, g 31
Fe, mg 1281
Zn, mg 730
Cu, mg 118
Mn, mg 742
Se, mg 2.34
Co, mg 3.11
I, mg 10.28
ARRIVAL Diet
BASE Diet 5.0
Hay 2.0
As fed, kg 16.67
DM, kg 8.95
UFC/kg s.s. 0.98
PG, %s.s. 14.62
FG, % s.s. 13.02
NDF, % s.s. 30.18
peNDF, % s.s. 22.03
NFC, % 47.33
Ca, g 57
P, g 40
As fed, kg 7.00
DM, kg 4.50
UFC/kg s.s. 0.93
PG, %s.s. 13.86
FG, % s.s. 16.97
NDF, % s.s. 42.23
peNDF, % s.s. 37.37
NFC, % 36.05
Ca, g 25
P, g 20
NRC In NRC In
stressstress
Vit A, UI 14000 24000
Vit D,UI 5000 2400
Vit E, UI 75 240
Vit. B1 3 ?
Vit. B2 6 ?
Vit. B6 6 ?
Vit. B12 0.009 ?
Mg, g 9 12
K, g 91 62
S, g 9 12
Na, g 7 12
Cl, g 26 10
Fe, mg 1062 7125
Zn, mg 278 4200
Cu, mg 52 600
Mn, mg 357 2600
Se, mg 0.70 7.5
Co, mg 0.93 7.5
I, mg 3.08 22

19. Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3
Management Excellent Good Poor
Number of cattle 9844 2082 3403
Cattle affected by BRD, % 6.50 14.20 28.40
Cattle with lameness, % 1.85 3.53 6.03
foot pathology,% 0.24 0.88 3.46
articulation pathology,% 1.61 2.65 2.57
4. WELFARE, MANAGEMENT AND SANITARY4. WELFARE, MANAGEMENT AND SANITARY
PROBLEMSPROBLEMS
(Sgoifo Rossi, 2007)
Excellent: Density >4.5 m2/animal, quarantine of at least 30 days in isolated and clean structure, bedding done every
day, good interation man/animal, >5 feeding diets
Good: Densità 3.5-4.5 m2/capo, quarantine of at least 30 days in not always isolated and clean structure, bedding
done every 2 days, good interazione man/animal, 3-5 feeding diets
Poor: Density <3.5 m2/animal, quarantine <30 days in not isolated or clean structure, bedding done every 5days, bad
interation man/animal, 3 feeding diets

20. 5. ECONOMIC5. ECONOMIC
IMPACTIMPACT

21. •• Cost of work 1.6 €/intervention (2 men/5 minutes)
• Cost of Yardage + ADG (- 0.18 kg) 70 €/animal
• Cost of therapy 26 €/animal
• Cost of problematic cattle
Therapy 90 €/animal
Yardage + ADG 200 €/animal
• Mortality
New arrival 850 €/animal
Disposal 80 €/animal
Gain loss 50 €/animal
COST OF BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASECOST OF BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE

22. ((SgoifoSgoifo RossiRossi etet al., 2009al., 2009 –– unpublishedunpublished data )data )
*
**
* P= 0.0002; ** P<.0001
-- 0.55 kg/d0.55 kg/d -- 0.19 kg/d0.19 kg/d
COST OF BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE:COST OF BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE: ADGADG
300 Limousine Male300 Limousine Male
319.34319.34 ±± 49.33 kg49.33 kg arrivalarrival livelive weightweight
ArrivedArrived fromfrom decdec 0808 toto aprapr 0909
156156 daysdays ofof studystudy

23. COST OF BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE:COST OF BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE: ADGADG
277 Limousine277 Limousine FemaleFemale
296.03296.03 ±± 51.62 kg51.62 kg arrivalarrival livelive weightweight
ArrivedArrived fromfrom novnov 0808 toto mar 09mar 09
160160 daysdays ofof studystudy
-- 0.25 kg/d0.25 kg/d -- 0.17/d kg0.17/d kg
((SgoifoSgoifo RossiRossi etet al., 2009al., 2009 –– unpublishedunpublished data )data )
* P= 0.0002; ** P<.0001

24. METAPHYLAXISMETAPHYLAXIS
((GalmozziGalmozzi etet al., 2009)al., 2009)
MorbilityMorbility LiveLive weightweight
250 Charolaise Male
125 metaphylaxis 349.1 ± 24.1 kg
125 control 352.3 ± 22.2 kg

25. Group Morbility
Treatment
cost
Therapy
Cost
Worker
cost/head
(2 worker x
10€/h)
Increased
weight
Profit at
slaughterhouse/head
(2.50 €/Kg live weigth)
Zactran 4.8% 13.61 € 1.22 € 0.11€ 54 Kg 135 €
Control 34.4% 0 € 7.44 € 0.72€ 32.4 Kg 81 €
 0 - 13.78 € + 6.22 + 0.61 € + 21.6 Kg + 54 €
((GalmozziGalmozzi etet al., 2009)al., 2009)
METAPHYLAXISMETAPHYLAXIS

26. ProductionProduction costcost
TheThe ItalianItalian exampleexample

27. CRPA, 2009
PRODUCTION COST / kg OF MEATPRODUCTION COST / kg OF MEAT
COST WITH OR WITHOUT PAC (COST WITH OR WITHOUT PAC (nearlynearly 0,650,65 €€/kg)/kg)
Profit without PAC
No profi even with PAC
Prize of beef cattle
Cost without PAC
Cost without PAC
Cost with PAC
Cost with PAC

28. COSTO DI PRODUZIONE PER GIORNO 2009COSTO DI PRODUZIONE PER GIORNO 2009
Cost, €/animal/d €/animal/d %
Feeding 1.70 58.0
Work 0.38 13.0
Energy, bedding, maintenance, etc. 0.39 13.3
Financial interests, money anticipations, etc 0.19 6.5
Amortization machines and buildings 0.15 5.1
Veterinary 0.12 4.1
Total cost (without the cost of the animal) 2.93
CRPA and Personal Elaboration, 2009
PurchasePurchase averageaverage weightweight: 380 kg: 380 kg
SellingSelling averageaverage weightweight: 665 kg: 665 kg
FatteningFattening periodperiod: 213 d: 213 d
PurchasePurchase averageaverage costcost: 2.61: 2.61€€/kg/kg
SellingSelling averageaverage prizeprize: 2.31: 2.31€€/kg/kg
ADG: 1.36 kg/dADG: 1.36 kg/d
DifferenceDifference betweenbetween purchasepurchase andand sellingselling costcost: 114: 114 €€
AmortizationAmortization betweenbetween purchasepurchase andand sellingselling costcost in 213 d: 0.53in 213 d: 0.53 €€/d/d
PRODUCTION COST / DAYPRODUCTION COST / DAY

29. SANITARY PROPHYLAXISSANITARY PROPHYLAXIS,, MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT andand
NUTRITIONNUTRITION are the MAIN ASPECTSare the MAIN ASPECTS toto OVERCOMEOVERCOME
OBSTACLES in newOBSTACLES in new receivingreceiving beefbeef cattlecattle

30. €/kg
2009
BREAKBREAK--EVEN POINTEVEN POINT