3. Objectives
• At the end of this section you will be able to
– Define adolescence and adolescent period
– Describe general principles of adolescent
development
– Describe adolescent growth and development with
their components
3
6. • Adolescence is
– Period of transition from childhood to adulthood
– A time of profound
• biologic
• intellectual and
• psychosocial change
• During this period, individuals
– reach to physical and sexual maturity
– develop more sophisticated reasoning and decision
making abilities
– development of adult mental processes and adult identity
– socioeconomic dependence to relative independence
6
Introduction…
7. Intro…
• Adolescence is a period of
– sexual development
– psychological development
– socio-economic development
7
10. • Adolescence is a joyful and creative time
• Youth can be a boundless national and international
resources if:
– nurtured carefully and
– their energies are channelled in positive directions
(demographic dividend )
10
Intro…
12. Development in adolescence
12
• General principles of development
– Gradual replacement of simple by complex structures and
functions
– Continuous
– It is dependent upon the interaction between genetics and
environmental factors
– (Epigenetic principles)
– Adolescents are no longer children, not yet adults
13. Development…
• Adolescence is a distinct phase of
development
• The most rapid phase of human dev’t
–It has three phases
• Early 10-13
• Middle 14-16 years
• Late 17-19
• Understanding this phase can promote
health development
13
14. Development…
• Early adolescence (10-13) is characterized by
– a spurt of growth, and the beginnings of sexual
maturation
– have concrete, black-and-white thinking(“egocentrism”
– Onset of puberty and rapid growth
– Impulsive ,experimental behavior
– Adolescent sphere of influence extends beyond her/his
own family
– Increasing concern with image and acceptance by peers
14
15. • Mid-adolescence (14-15) is characterized by
– Continues physical growth and development
– completion of main physical changes
– Starts to challenge rules and test limits
– Develops more analytical skills
– development of a stronger individual sense of identity
– relating individual (his/her) identity strongly to his or
her peer group
– more reflective thinking( techniqual, practical and
critical)
15
16. In late adolescence (16-19)
– Body fills out and takes its adult form
– Reaches physical and sexual maturity
– Developing greater self identification
– Reintegration into family
– Has a distinct identity and more settled ideas
and opinions
– These changes take place at a different rate for
each individual 16
17. Characteristics of Adolescence
1.Biological growth and development
-marked by beginning of puberty
-Voice changes
-development of sexual characteristics and
- Specific hormones are released
17
18. Characteristics of Adolescence
2.Undefined Status
-Unclear social expectations
some treated as children ,some as adult
-Allow marry? Allow vote? driver license?
3.Increased decision making
-more decisions must be made by oneself
18
19. Characteristics of Adolescence
4.Increased pressure
-It is the strongest
-Parents, friends, and teachers all pressure
adolescents to behave in particular way
5. Search for self
-finding oneself
-preparing for future roles
-Anticipatory socialization(learning the rights,
obligation, and expectations assuming role in the future)
19
20. • As teens move from early to late adolescence
– they experience three major stages of developments:
• Physical growth
== biological and physical changes
puberty
• Cognitive development
== thinking ability
concrete to abstract
• Psychological and social development
== interactions and understanding of each other
20
Development…
21. Physical growth and development
• Adolescents experience changes in their physical
development
• The physical and biological changes of adolescence are
often referred to as puberty
• Puberty is only one component of adolescent development
• defines the onset of adolescence
• most visible and tangible developmental changes
occur during this period
21
22. Physical growth...
• Puberty is
– A significant marker of
• biological growth and development
• physical transformation during adolescence
– Biological changes occur during puberty including
• sexual maturation
• increases in height and weight
• completion of skeletal growth accompanied by a marked
increase in skeletal mass and
• changes in body composition
22
23. • The sequence of these events during puberty is consistent
among adolescents
• However, differences may exist in the
–age of onset
–duration and speed of these events between and
within individuals.
• For this reason, adolescents of the same chronological age
can vary greatly in physical appearance
Consequently, sexual maturation should be used to assess the
extent of biological growth and development
23
Physical growth…
24. • The beginning of puberty can vary by individual especially by
gender
• Instance
– for girls, it can start as early as 8 years and continue until
age 16
– for boys it may begin when they are 11 and extend until
they are 18
(Brittany Allen, MD, FAAP & Helen Waterman, DO)
24
Physical growth…
25. • Rapid gains in height and weight
• height velocity increases sharply, reaching its peak in
mid-puberty, prior menarche in girls and sperm
production in boys
• weight gain results from increased muscle
development for boys and body fat in girls
25
Physical growth…
26. • Development of 2ry sexual characteristics – changing
hormonal levels play a role in activating the development of 2ry
sex characteristics
• The progression of 2ry sexual characteristics – described by
Marshall and Tanner
• Sexual Maturity Rating (SMR)
–used to assess the extent of biological growth and
development among adolescents regardless of
chronological age
26
Physical growth…
27. Help health professionals to measure degree of pubertal
maturation regardless of chronological age
• SMR criteria differs based on gender
– for boys –
–appearance of pubic hair and
–testicular and penile development
– for girls –
–appearance of pubic hair
–development of breasts and
–occurrence of menarche
27
Physical growth...
28. • SMR stage 1:
– corresponds with prepubertal growth and development
• SMR stages 2-4:
– indicate the progression of puberty
• By SMR stage 5:
– sexual maturation has been completed
• Sexual maturation correlates remarkably with
– changes in weight and body composition and
– hormonal changes
28
Physical growth...
29. SMR for Boys
Genital development Stage Pubic hair growth
Pre-pubertal:
no change in size of genital organs.
1 Pre-pubertal:
no pubic hair.
Enlargement of scrotum and testes; change in
texture in skin of scrotum.
2 Sparse growth of hair at base of
penis.
Enlargement of penis; growth of testes and
scrotum.
3 Darkening, coarsening and
curling, increase in amount.
Enlargement of penis; growth of
testes and scrotum; darkening of
scrotal skin.
4 Resembles adult type but not
spread to medial thighs.
Adult size and shape genitalia. 5 Adult type and quantity, spread to
medial thighs.
29
30. SMR for Girls
Breast development Stage Pubic hair growth
Pre-pubertal:
nipple elevation only
1 Pre-pubertal:
no pubic hair.
Small, raised breast bud 2 Sparse growth of hair along
labia
General enlargement of raising of breast and
areola
3 Pigmentation, coarsening
and curling, with an increase in
amount
Further enlargement with projection of areola
and nipple as secondary mound
4 Resembles adult type,
but not spread to medial thighs
Mature, adult contour, with areola in same
contour as breast, and only nipple projecting
5 Adult type and quantity, spread
to medial thighs
30
31. Cognitive development
• The mental process includes
– awareness
– perception
– reasoning and
– judgment
• The early adolescence stage is a time of great cognitive
development
• At the beginning of adolescence
– cognitive abilities are dominated by
• concrete thinking
• egocentrism and impulsive behavior
31
32. Cognitive development…
• Gradually develop advanced reasoning skills
– ability to think about multiple options and possibilities
– more logical thought process
– ability to think about things hypothetically –
• it involves:
– asking and answering the question, “what if...?”
• Develop abstract thinking skills:
– thinking about things that cannot be seen, heard or touched…..E.g.,
faith, trust, beliefs and spirituality. 32
33. Psychosocial development
• Psychological development includes:
– individuals’ interactions and understanding of each other
– understanding of their own knowledge and
– understanding of themselves as members of society
• There are five main psychological and social issues during
adolescence:
1. Forming an identity
– Incorporates important task of adolescent:
• become aware of what they like to do,
• begin to integrate the opinion of others into their likes and
dislikes (in terms of idea)
33
34. Psychosocial development…
2. Becoming independent (autonomous)
– Emotional autonomy:
• establishment of close relationships,
• begin to give consideration to the needs and wants of others and
weigh personal priorities.
– Behavioral autonomy:
• ability to make independent decisions,
• usually turn to peers for social matters
– Value autonomy:
• development of a set of principles about right and wrong,
• may challenge family and societal values
34
35. 3. Seeking intimacy
– expanding relationships with peers and developing romantic
interests
4. Exploring sexuality
– begin to experiment with sexual behaviors and seek out
intimate relationships
5. Achieving goals and milestones
– Need to figure out:
– what their achievement preferences are,
– what they are currently good at,
– areas in which they are willing to strive for success.
35
Psychosocial development…
36. Eight stages of psychosocial development
(Erikson (1958, 1963 ) theory)
-Personality develops through eight stages
of psychosocial development, from infancy to
adulthood
-During each stage, the person experiences a
psychosocial crisis
-Psychosocial nature involve psychological needs of
the individual (i.e., psycho) conflicting with the
needs of society (i.e. social)
36
37. Erikson theory…
-successful completion of each stage results the
acquisition of basic virtues
-Failure to successfully complete a stage can result
unhealthy personality
- Can be resolved successfully at later
37
38. 38
Stage Psychosocial Crisis Basic Virtue Age
1. Trust vs. Mistrust Hope 0 - 1½
2. Autonomy vs. Shame Will 1½ - 3
3. Initiative vs. Guilt Purpose 3 – 5
4. Industry vs. Inferiority Competency 5 – 12
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion Fidelity 12 – 18
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation Love 18 – 40
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation Care 40 – 65
8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair Wisdom 65+
39. Industry vs. Inferiority
- Eagerness of learning to read and write, to do
sums, to do things on their own
- Teachers, peer group …major source of the child’s
self-esteem
- Need to win approval by demonstrating specific
competencies that are valued by society
If encouraged and reinforced begin to feel
industrious (competent)
Success in this stage lead to the virtue of
competence
Restricted----- develop a sense of Inferiority 39
40. Identity vs. Role Confusion
-It occurs during adolescence, from about 12-18 years
- Adolescents search for a sense of self and personal
identity
- Intense exploration of personal values, beliefs, and
goals
- Major stage of development where the child has to
learn their roles, occupy as an adult
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41. - 2 identities involved(sexual & occupational)
Success in this stage lead to the virtue of fidelity
Fidelity involves being able to commit
one's self to others on the basis of accepting
others even when there may be ideological
differences
Failure to establish a sense of identity within
society lead to role confusion/identity crisis
"I don’t know what I want to be when I grow up"
41
42. Why we need to study the characteristics of
adolescents?
42
43. Desirable health status
-Adequate height and weight for age
-Good nutrition
-Up-to-date with immunizations
-Free of disease and illness
-Emotional support from family/friends
-Ability to avoid substance abuse
-Ability to make an informed decision on sexual activity
-Good self image both in terms of physical appearance and personal
character 43
44. Rationale
• To understand what is happening:
– physically,
– cognitively and
– socially –
• for parents – to provide a supportive environment for
their teens
• for program managers – to design a program that is
appropriate for adolescents
44
45. Ethiopia is at a crucial point
Facing a large rapid population growth(2.6%/annum)
Puts tremendous pressure on country’s health service
infrastructure
The most effective intervention to address the rapid
population growth
Empower young people to make informed choice on their
RH including their desired fertility
Young the assets of the country and its future 45
46. Summary
• Would you please able to
– Define adolescence and adolescent period
– Describe the general principles of adolescent
development
– Describe adolescent growth and development with their
components
– Describe adolescent growth measurement scale/s
– Why the need to study adolescent characteristics
46
47. Assignment
PROJECT TITLE
Reduces food shortage during COVID 19 among
street adolescents through strengthen the income
generating activities in Jimma Town, Ethiopia
• Components of the project (at least include)
47
48. • Introduction
• Background
• Statement of the problem
• Scope and limitations
• Project goals and objectives
• Goals
• Objectives
• Project Activities
• Project sustainability
• References
• Indicators and Targets
48
