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UNIVERSIDAD TECNICA DE MACHALA
ACADEMIC UNIT OF CHEMICAL
SCIENCES AND HEALTH
MEDICINE SCHOOL
ENGLISH
PNEUMONIA
STUDENTS
William Cruz
Kevin Herrera
TEACHER:
Mgs. Barreto Huilcapi Lina Maribel
CLASS:
EIGHTH SEMESTER ‘’A’’
Machala, El Oro
2018

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Pneumonia
Definition
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs of one or both lungs. The air sacs
may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), which causes a cough with phlegm or
pus, fever, chills and difficulty in breathing. Various microorganisms, such as
bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia.
Pneumonia can vary in severity from mild to life-threatening. It is more serious in
infants and young children, people over 65, and people with health problems or
weakened immune systems.
Etiology

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The etiological diagnosis of CAP in pediatric patients is usually determined by means
of laboratory tests, which offer indirect evidence of the causal implication of the
identified microorganisms.
Prospective studies carried out in developed countries achieve an etiological
identification in a variable proportion of children with CAP, which reaches 85% ~
with the use of a large panel of tests9,15,16. These investigations allow the
extrapolation of conclusions about the relative importance of the different etiological
agents of the NAC in our midst.
Signs and symptoms
The signs and symptoms of pneumonia vary from moderate to severe and depend on
several factors, such as the type of germ that caused the infection, your age and your
general health. Moderate signs and symptoms are usually similar to those of a cold or
flu, but last longer.
The signs and symptoms of pneumonia may include the following:
 Chest pain when breathing or coughing
 Disorientation or changes in mental perception (in adults 65 and older)
 Cough that can produce phlegm
 Fatigue
 Fever, perspiration and chills with tremor
 Lower than normal body temperature (in adults over 65 and people with a
weak immune system)
 Nausea, vomiting or diarrhea
 Difficulty breathing
Newborns and babies may not show signs of being infected. Or they may vomit, have
a fever and cough, look restless or tired and without energy, or have trouble breathing
and eating.
Diagnosis

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The health care provider will look for crackles or abnormal breath sounds when
listening to the chest with the stethoscope. Tapping the chest wall (percussion) with
the fingers helps the provider to hear and feel abnormal noises in the chest.
The provider will probably order a chest x-ray if you suspect pneumonia.
Other tests may be ordered, such as:
 Arterial blood gas to see if enough oxygen is reaching the blood from the
lungs.
 Blood culture and sputum culture to look for microbes that may be causing
pneumonia.
 Complete blood count to check the white blood cell count.
 Computed tomography of the thorax.
 Bronchoscopy A flexible probe with an illuminated camera at its end that is
lowered by the lungs, in select cases.
 Thoracentesis Extract fluid from the space between the outer lining of the
lungs and the chest wall.
Treatment
The doctor must first decide whether or not you need to be in the hospital. If you are
treated at the hospital, you will receive:
 Intravenous fluids and antibiotics
 Oxygen therapy
 Respiratory treatments (possibly)
If you are diagnosed with bacterial pneumonia, it is very important that the antibiotics
start soon after entering the hospital. If you have viral pneumonia, you will not
receive antibiotics. This is because antibiotics do not destroy viruses. You will
receive other medications, such as antivirals, especially if you have the flu.
You are more likely to be hospitalized if:
 Have another serious health problem
 You have severe symptoms

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 He is unable to take care of himself at home, or is unable to eat or drink
 Is older than 65
 He has been taking antibiotics at home and is not improving
Many people can be treated at home. If so, the doctor may ask you to take antibiotics.
When taking antibiotics:
 Do not overlook any dose. Take the medication until it runs out, even if you
start to feel better.
 Do not take antitussives or cold medicine unless the doctor authorizes it.
Cough helps the body rid itself of the phlegm of the lungs.
Breathing hot, moist air helps loosen sticky mucus that can make you feel like you
are drowning. These measures can help:
 Put a piece of warm, wet cloth over your nose and mouth without applying
pressure.
 Fill a humidifier with hot water and inhale the hot steam.
 Take a couple of deep breaths 2 or 3 times every hour. Deep breaths will help
open the lungs.
 Tap gently on the chest a few times a day, while lying down with the head
lower than the chest. This helps you take phlegm out of the lungs so you can
expectorate it.
Drink plenty of fluids, as long as your doctor authorizes it.
 Drink water, juice or clear tea
 Drink at least 6 to 10 cups (1.5 to 2.5 liters) per day
 Do not drink alcohol
 Rest a lot when you go home. If you have trouble sleeping at night, take naps
during the day.
Prevention
To help prevent pneumonia:

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Get vaccinated There are vaccines to prevent some types of pneumonia and influenza.
Talk to your doctor about these and other vaccines. The vaccination guidelines have
changed over time; therefore, be sure to check the status of your vaccines with your
doctor even if you remember you have previously been vaccinated against
pneumonia.
Make sure children get vaccinated. Doctors recommend a vaccine for pneumonia
different for children under 2 and for children 2 to 5 years who are particularly prone
to contract pneumococcal disease. Children who attend a group daycare should also
receive the vaccine. Doctors also recommend influenza vaccine for children under 6
months.
Practice good hygiene. To protect yourself from respiratory infections that often
result in pneumonia, wash your hands regularly or use an alcohol-based hand
sanitizer.
Do not smoke. Smoking damages the natural defenses that protect your lungs from
respiratory infections.
Keep your immune system strong. Get enough sleep, exercise regularly and eat a
healthy diet.
Bibliography
 Wardlaw TM, Johansson EW, Hodge M. Pneumonia: the forgotten killer of
children World Health Organization; UNICEF, 2006. [accessed 6/6/2011].
 Cherian T, Mulholland K, Carlin JB, Ostensen H, Amin R, From Campo M,
et al. Standardized interpretation of pediatric chest radiographic for the
diagnosis of pneumonia in epidemiological studies. Bull Who Health Organ.
2005; 83: 353 --- 9.
 Garcés-Sánchez MD, Díez-Domingo J, Ballester Sanz A, Boronat C, García
López M, Antón Crespo V, et al. Epidemiology of community-acquired
pneumonia in the community in children under 5 in the Valencian
Community. ~ An Pediatr (Barc). 2005; 63: 125 --- 30.