3. INTRODUCTION
• Helicobacter pylori infection is the most common bacterial infection
worldwide
• In developing countries, 70 to 90% of the population carries H. pylori
• H pylori may be detected in 90% of individuals with PUD
• No specific clinical signs and symptoms have been described
• 85% -asymptomatic
10% -peptic ulcer
1% - gastric cancer
4. • H. pylori infection is associated with Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
( anti-CagA antibodies that cross-react with platelet antigens)
• H. pylori infection is protective against GERD ,Oesophageal CA, Asthma
• EXTRA-GASTRIC DISEASES:
Parkinsonism, MS, GBS,alzheimer’s
Rosacea, Psoriasis ,chronic utricaria
IDA, ITP ,B12 def
open-angle glaucoma , central serous chorioretinitis , blepharitis
CAD, stroke
DM, metabolic syndrome
NAFLD
5. Mode of transmission:
feco-oral
oral-oral routes
iatrogenic (unsterilized endoscopy equipment)
• No substantial reservoir of H. pylori aside from the human
stomach
• Gastric infection and H. pylori in the mouth (Periodontal disease )
• Dental plaque has been reported to be a reservoir for H. pylori.
7. Virulence factors:
cytotoxin-associated gene A antigen (CagA)
cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI): cag A gene + T4SS
absent in 40% of strains
risk of gastric CA
enters the cell: interferes with transduction pathway, antiapoptotic
vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA)
coded by Vac A gene
absent in 60% of strains
induces inflammation $ injury to gastric mucosa
Lipopolysaccharides
Adhesins : Ice A , Bab A, Sap A ,Dup A ,Oip A
Enzymes: Urease, proteinase, mucinase ,lipase
10. INDICATION FOR TESTING H. PYLORI
• All patients; with active or past history of PUD
(unless previous cure of HPI has been documented),
low-grade gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALToma )
history of endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer
• Patients with dyspepsia who are undergoing upper endoscopy
(gastric biopsy specimens)
• Patients on long-term, low-dose aspirin
• Patients initiating long-term therapy with NSAIDs
• Patients with unexplained iron deficiency anemia following standard workup
• Adults with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
11. • Post-treatment testing to prove eradication of HPI
urea breath test,
fecal antigen test
biopsy-based testing
at least 4 weeks following completion of antimicrobial therapy
and after proton pump inhibitors have been withheld for 1-2
weeks.
American College of Gastroenterology (ACG),2017 guidelines for the treatment
of H pylori infection (HPI) include the following recommendations for testing
for H pylori [26] :
13. 1.INVASIVE:
Endoscopy + biopsy sample required
Expensive
Drug sensitivity can be done in Culture
Histology provides additional information about gastric mucosa
Can be used to start antimicrobial therapy and confirm eradication
2.NON-INVASIVE:
Easy & cheaper
Sample : blood, stool , breath
Can be used to start antimicrobial therapy and confirm eradication
except serology test
serology test cannot differentiate new or old infection
16. MCQs
1. All of the following can be used as confirmation for
eradication of H. pylori EXCEPT:
A. urea breath test
B. fecal antigen test
C. biopsy-based testing
D. serology
Ans: D
17. 2. Which of the following is true regarding H. pylori
A. Gram positive
B. Non –motile
C. carcinogenic effect via the CagA protein
D. Levofloxacin based therapy are not used for treament
Ans : C
Gram negative ,motile
Levofloxacin based therapy is used
18. REFERENCES
• The 2017 American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) guidelines
for the treatment of H pylori infection (HPI)
• Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori Infection
Johannes G. Kusters,* Arnoud H. M. van Vliet, and Ernst J. Kuipers
• Helicobacter pylori: Toward effective eradication
Susan Collazo, RN, MSN, ACNP
• Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori by invasive test: histology
Ju Yup Lee and Nayoung Kim
• Helicobacter pylori infection: Host immune response, implications
on gene expression and microRNAs
Aline Cristina Targa Cadamuro, Ana Flávia Teixeira Rossi, Nathália Maciel Maniezzo,
Ana Elizabete Silva
functions like a molecular syringe, injecting CagA, peptidoglycans and other factors into host epithelial cells
CORPUS – BODY
PPI decreases PH $ so urease activity is decreased
antimicrobial effect of PPIs on H pylori or pH-dependent suppression of H pylori urease activity
Bacterial culture is very difficult. It is not used for diagnosis; it is used in patients with resistant infection and for experimental purposes.
Concomitant –non bismuth quadruple
ANILIA –NITROZOXANIDE – PRAZIQUANTEL GROUP