According to Election Data Services the percentage of electronic voting machines per country is increasing, yet a full replacement of the traditional voting procedure is very unlikely. In it essence, an electronic voting ma-chine(EVM)is a computer assisted self-interviewing(CASI) device giving the voter the opportunity to review and change his/her vote before submitting it. The different types of voting machines allow for different kinds of interaction, such as using a touch screen technology, using a dial wheel, touching a paper panel or pressing a button on a LCD screen. Each machine provide feedback for blank ballots and under-voting and prevents selecting more choices than the maximum allowed. Our work presents an overview of the voting machines based on established theories and result from CASI and Fault tolerance of the voting machine with respect to different types of analysis

1. Electronic Voting Machine And Fault Analysis
A. B. M. Alim Al Islam , Swawibe Ul Alam(0805080), Nazmul Sarker(0805015)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
Email: swawibe@gmail.com, nazmul@gmail.com
Abstract—According to Election Data Services the per-
centage of electronic voting machines per country increas-
ing,yet a full replacement of the traditional voting proce-
dure is very unlikely.In it essence,an electronic voting ma-
chine(EVM)is a computer assisted self-interviewing(CASI)
device giving the voter the opportunity to review and
change his/her vote before submitting it.The different
types of voting machines allow for different kinds of
interaction, such as using a touch screen technology,using
a dial wheel,touching a paper panel or pressing a button
on a LCD screen.Each machine provide feedback for
blank ballots and under-voting and prevents selecting more
choices than the maximum allowed.The paper presents
an overview of the voting machines based on established
theories and result from CASI and Fault tolerance of the
voting machine with respect to different types of analysis.
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Why Electronic Voting Machine
Electronic Voting machines (EVM) retains all
the characteristics of voting by ballot papers,while
making polling a lot more expedient.Being fast
and absolutely reliable, the EVM saves consider-
able time,money and manpower.And,ofcourse helps
maintain total voting secrecy without the use of
ballot papers.At the end of the polling,just press a
Result button and there you have the results.
Now a days EVM is become an effective tool
for voting. It ensures flawless voting and thus has
become more widespread.It ensures people about
their vote being secured.It avoids any kind of
malpractice and invalid votes.Also such kind of
system becomes more economical as consequent
expenditure incurred on manpower is saved.It is also
convenient on part of voter,as he is to just press one
key which belongs to his candidates.
B. What is Electronic Voting Machine
Voting machines are the total combination of
mechanical,electromechanical or electronic equip-
ment,that is used to define ballots, to cast and
count votes, to report or display election results
and to maintain and produce any audit trail infor-
mation.The first voting machines were mechanical
but it is more common to use electronic voting
machines.
A voting system includes the practices and asso-
ciated documentation used to identify system com-
ponents and versions of such components, to test the
system during its development and maintainance,
to maintain records of system errors or defects,
to determine specific changes made after initial
certification and to make available any materials to
the voter. Traditionally, a voting machine has been
defined by the mechanism the system uses to cast
votes and further categorized by the location where
the system tabulates the votes.
Voting machines have different levels of usability,
security, efficiency and accuracy. Certain systems
may be more or less accessible to all voters, or
not accessible to those voters with certain types
of disabilities. They can also have an effect on the
public’s ability to oversee elections.
II. MAIN PARTS OF EVM
A. The control Unit
Conduction of polling, display of total votes
polled, sealing at the end of the poll, and finally,
declaration of results these are the various accom-
plishments of just one gadget : the control unit. In
total control of the polling, this electronic unit gives
you all necessary information at a press of a few
buttons. For instance, if you need to know the total
number of votes, you just have to press the Total
switch. Candidates-wise results can be had only at
the end of polling.

2. B. The Ballot Unit
A simple voting device, it displays the list of can-
didates. A facility to incorporate party names and
symbols is in-built. All the voter has to do is press
the desired switch located next to the name of each
candidate. The main advantage is the speed, apart
from the simplicity of operation, which requires no
training at all. A single ballot unit takes in the
names of 16 candidates. And thus, by connecting
four ballot units the EVM can accommodate a total
of 64 candidates in a single election.
III. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EVM
Fig. 1: Block Diagram Of EVM
IV. DESCRIPTION OF EVM UNITS
The Electronic Voting Machine basically con-
sists of four main blocks. these are keypad, micro
controller, display and control switches:
1)Keypad:There are many keypad switch for se-
lecting Candidates.One voter can just press one
keypad for selecting candidate.
2)Micro controller: Micro controller senses the
signal given from switches and dthe mode of op-
eration voting mode it increments the data for
corresponding key i.e. respective candidate as well
as it sends signal to display block to indicate one
key is pressed. In counting mode micro controllers
fetchesdata from memory location and send it to
display devices.
Fig. 2: Micro Controller AT89C51
3) Display: Liquid Crystal Display which is com-
monly known as LCD is an Alphanumeric Display
it means that it can display Alphabets, Numbers as
well as special symbols thus LCD is a user friendly
Display device which can be used for display-
ing various messages unlike seven segment display
which can display only numbers and some of the
alphabets. The only disadvantage of LCD over seven
segment is that seven segment is robust display and
be visualized from a longer distance as compared
to LCD. Here I have used 16 x 2 Alphanumeric
Display which means on this display I can display
two lines with maximum of 16 characters in one
line.
Fig. 3: LCD Display Of EVM

3. 4) Control switches: There are three control
switches: I. Clear Votes. II. Controller switch. III.
Total Votes
V. Fault Analysis Of EVM
Every Device has a Drawback,EVM is not out
of that.EVM may be faulty in different condition.
Experts have explored many of its fault in differ-
ent ways.IN EVM we use Microcontroller,which
is sensitive to temperature,heat,humidity. So due to
abnormal temperature or humidity condition, it can
show different behavior than usual, which may turns
EVM to become faulty.
From Observation some of the Cases of Fault
Analysis it has been seen:
1. If there is a Power Glitch in voltage regulation
than Chip Erase mode erases Lock bits with
Program memory which makes the system to
inappropriate state.
2. The failure rate is high ifwe try Programmers on
breadboards, instead try them on general PCBs.
3. Failure in switch is a common fault in EVM
machine.
Arrhenius Theory For Fault Estimation :
According theory gives an Arrhenius’ accelera-
tion factor of:
Af = exp [Ea / k x (1 / Tu - 1 / Tt)] = exp [0.5 /
8.6171D-5 x (1 / (40 + 273.16) - 1 / (150 + 273.16)]
= 124
Ea = 0.5eV is the activation energy of failure
mechanism, k = 8.6171D-5 is Boltzmann’s Con-
stant, Tu is use condition junction temperature and
Tt is test condition junction temperature.
The failures in time (FITs) are estimated with the
help of chi-square distribution:
lambda = chi-square / 2 / Af / t x 1D+9 = 1.833
/ 2 / 124 / t x 1D+9 = 7,391,129 / t
chi-square = 1.833 represents ’zero failures’ and
’60% confidence level’.
AT89C51: 2.2FIT, which corresponds to a
MTTF (mean time to failure) of 57,078years
We can think fault analysis in three cases:
A. Microcontroller(AT89C51)
B. LCD screen
C. Switch
A. Microcontroller Failure Rate
AT-89C51 CMOS FLASH MICRO
CONTROLLER Failure Report DATA:
— 125C DYNAMIC OPERATING LIFE TEST
— 200C RETENTION BAKE
— 125C DYNAMIC OPERATING LIFE TEST
(PLASTIC)
— 125C RETENTION BAKE (PLASTIC)
— 15 PSIG PRESSURE POT
— 85C/85
TABLE I: 125C DYNAMIC OPERATING LIFE
TEST
k SAMPLE SIZE TOTAL CKT-HOURS NUMBER OF FAILURES
0 115 287.5 0
1 164 410.0 0
2 143 357.5 0
TABLE II: 125C DYNAMIC OPERATING LIFE
TEST Failure Rate
1 Total Device Hours 1,055,000 DEVICE HOURS
2 BEST ESTIMATE = 0.07 % PER 1,000 HOURS
3 50C AMBIENT = 0.002 % PER 1,000 HOURS (23 FITS)
TABLE III: 200C DATA RETENTION BAKE
k SAMPLE SIZE TOTAL CKT-HOURS NUMBER OF FAILURES
0 393 393.0 0

4. TABLE IV: 200C DATA RETENTION BAKE Fail-
ure Rate
1 Total Device Hours 393,000 Device Hours
2 Best Estimate = 0.18% Per 1000 hours
3 50C Ambient = 0.0006% per 1,000 hours(6 Fits)
TABLE V: 125C DYNAMIC OPERATING LIFE
TEST (Plastic Package)
k Sample size Total Ckt Hours Number of Failures
0 80 80 0
1 115 115 0
2 90 90 0
3 110 110 0
4 143 142 0
VI. Reliability Report Of AT89C51 :
A. AT-89C51 CMOS FLASH MICRO
CONTROLLER RELIABILITY DATA
- 125C DYNAMIC OPERATING LIFE TEST
- 200C RETENTION BAKE
- 125C DYNAMIC OPERATING LIFE TEST
(PLASTIC)
- 125C RETENTION BAKE (PLASTIC)
- 15 PSIG PRESSURE POT
- 85C/85% RELATIVE HUMIDITY OPERATING
LIFE TEST
- EXTENDED TEMPERATURE CYCLING -
EXTENDED THERMAL SHOCK
- 131C/85% RELATIVE HUMIDITY HAST TEST
VII. SIMULATION OF EVM
Using Proteus :
Proteus is a Virtual System Modelling (VSM) that
combines circuit simulation, animated components
and microprocessor models to co-simulate the com-
plete microcontroller based designs. This is the per-
fect tool for engineers to test their microcontroller
designs before constructing a physical prototype in
real time. This program allows users to interact
with the design using on-screen indicators and/or
LED and LCD displays and, if attached to the PC,
switches and buttons. One of the main components
of Proteus is the Circuit Simulation – a product that
uses a SPICE3f5 analogue simulatorkernel com-
bined with an event-driven digital simulator that
allow users to utilize any SPICE model by any
manufacturer. Proteus VSM comes with extensive
debugging features, including breakpoints, single
stepping and variable display for a neat design prior
to hardware prototyping. In summary, Proteus is
the program to use when you want to simulate the
interaction between software running on a micro-
controller and any analog or digital electronic device
connected to it.
Advantages Of Proteus:
1.Real time simulation.
2.Time and money saving.
Code For Proteus Simulation in C:
# include <reg51 . h>
s f r i n p u t =0x90 ;
s f r l d a t a =0xa0 ;
s b i t r s =P0 ˆ 7 ;
s b i t rw=P0 ˆ 6 ;
s b i t en=P0 ˆ 5 ;
s b i t m=P3 ˆ 0 ;
s b i t n=P3 ˆ 1 ;
s b i t buzz=P3 ˆ 2 ;
s b i t on=P3 ˆ 3 ;
void delay ( i n t ) ;
void lcdcmd ( char ) ;
void l c d d a t a 1 ( char ∗ ) ;
void l c d d a t a ( char ) ;
/ / void lcd ( ) ;
i n t i1 , i11 , i12 , i2 , i21 , i22 , i3 , i31 , i32 , i4 , i
void main ( )
{ on =0;
P1 =0; P3 =0;
while ( 1 )
{
lcdcmd (0 x38 ) ;
delay ( 1 0 ) ;
lcdcmd (0 x0e ) ;
delay ( 1 0 ) ;
lcdcmd (0 x01 ) ;
lcdcmd (0 x06 ) ;
delay (20) ;

5. i f ( n==1)
on =1;
i f (m==1&on ==1)
{
i f ( i n p u t ==0x01 )
{
buzz =1;
while ( i n p u t == 0x01 ) ;
i1 = i1 + 1;
i f ( i1 >=10)
i11= i1 / 1 0 ;
i12= i1 %10;
on =0;
buzz =0;
/ / ready =0;
}
i f ( i n p u t ==0x02 )
{ buzz =1;
while ( i n p u t == 0x02 ) ;
{
i2 = i2 + 1;
i f ( i2 >=10)
i21= i2 / 1 0 ;
i22= i2 %10;
on =0;
buzz =0;
}
}
i f ( i n p u t ==0x04 )
{
buzz =1;
while ( i n p u t ==0x04 ) ;
{
i3 = i3 + 1;
i f ( i3 >=10)
i31= i3 / 1 0 ;
i32= i3 %10;
on =0;
buzz =0;
}
}
i f ( i n p u t ==0x08 )
{
buzz =1;
while ( i n p u t == 0x08 ) ;
{
i4 = i4 + 1;
i f ( i4 >=10)
i41= i4 / 1 0 ;
i42= i4 %10;
on =0;
buzz =0;
}
}
i f ( i n p u t ==0x10 )
{
buzz =1;
while ( i n p u t == 0x10 ) ;
{
i5 = i5 + 1;
i f ( i5 >=10)
i51= i5 / 1 0 ;
i52= i5 %10;
i5 =0;
on =0;
buzz =0;
}
}
i f ( i n p u t ==0x20 )
{
buzz =1;
while ( i n p u t == 0x20 ) ;
{
i6 = i6 + 1;
i f ( i6 >=10)
i61= i6 / 1 0 ;
i62= i6 %10;
on =0;
buzz =0;
}
}
i f ( i n p u t ==0x40 )
{
buzz =1;
while ( i n p u t == 0x40 ) ;
{
i7 = i7 + 1;
i f ( i7 >=10)
i71= i7 / 1 0 ;
i72= i7 %10;
on =0;
buzz =0;
}
}

6. i f ( i n p u t ==0x80 )
{
buzz =1;
while ( i n p u t == 0x80 ) ;
{
i8 = i8 + 1;
i f ( i7 >=10)
i81= i8 / 1 0 ;
i82= i8 %10;
on =0;
buzz =0;
}
}}
i f (m==0) / / e l s e
{
i f ( i n p u t ==0x01 )
{
l c d d a t a 1 ( ” CONRESS=” ) ;
l c d d a t a ( i11 +0x30 ) ;
l c d d a t a ( i12 +0x30 ) ;
delay ( 1 0 0 ) ;
}
i f ( i n p u t ==0x02 )
{
lcdcmd (0 x01 ) ;
l c d d a t a 1 ( ” BJP=” ) ;
l c d d a t a ( i21 +0x30 ) ;
l c d d a t a ( i22 +0x30 ) ;
delay ( 1 0 0 ) ;
}
i f ( i n p u t ==0x04 )
{
lcdcmd (0 x01 ) ;
l c d d a t a 1 ( ” CP(M&I )= ” ) ;
l c d d a t a ( i31 +0x30 ) ;
l c d d a t a ( i32 +0x30 ) ;
delay ( 1 0 0 ) ;
}
i f ( i n p u t ==0x08 )
{
lcdcmd (0 x01 ) ;
l c d d a t a 1 ( ” TDP=” ) ;
l c d d a t a ( i41 +0x30 ) ;
l c d d a t a ( i42 +0x30 ) ;
delay ( 1 0 0 ) ;
}
i f ( i n p u t ==0x10 )
{
lcdcmd (0 x10 ) ;
l c d d a t a 1 ( ” TRS=” ) ;
l c d d a t a ( i51 +0x30 ) ;
l c d d a t a ( i52 +0x30 ) ;
delay ( 1 0 0 ) ;
}
i f ( i n p u t ==0x20 )
{
lcdcmd (0 x01 ) ;
l c d d a t a 1 ( ” PRP=” ) ;
l c d d a t a ( i61 +0x30 ) ;
l c d d a t a ( i62 +0x30 ) ;
delay ( 1 0 0 ) ;
}
i f ( i n p u t ==0x40 )
{
lcdcmd (0 x01 ) ;
l c d d a t a 1 ( ” INDEPENDANT1=” ) ;
l c d d a t a ( i71 +0x30 ) ;
l c d d a t a ( i72 +0x30 ) ;
delay ( 1 0 0 ) ;
}
i f ( i n p u t ==0x80 )
{
lcdcmd (0 x01 ) ;
l c d d a t a 1 ( ” INDEPENDANT2=” ) ;
l c d d a t a ( i81 +0x30 ) ;
l c d d a t a ( i82 +0x30 ) ;
delay ( 1 0 0 ) ;
}
e l s e {
lcdcmd (0 x01 ) ;
l c d d a t a 1 ( ” p r e s s key ” ) ;
delay (100) ;
}}
}}
void delay ( i n t time )
{
i n t i , j ;
for ( i =0; i<time ; i ++)
for ( j =0; j <900; j ++);
}
void lcdcmd ( char value )
{
l d a t a = value ;
r s =0;

7. rw =0;
en =1;
delay ( 2 ) ;
en =0;
}
void l c d d a t a 1 ( char ∗ value )
{ i n t i ;
for ( i =0; value [ i ]!= ’ 0 ’ ; i ++)
{
l d a t a = value [ i ] ;
r s =1;
rw =0;
en =1;
delay ( 1 ) ;
en =0;
}
}
void l c d d a t a ( char value )
{
l d a t a = value ;
r s =1;
rw =0;
en =1;
delay ( 1 ) ;
en =0;
}
VIII. FUTURE WORK
Real Life Implementation :
—We will try to Make EVM in Real life.
—We are trying to make it in PCB.So it will be
handy,easy to use.
—We will also give our trial version of EVM to
IICT for checking its perfection.
REFERENCES
[1] http://www.digchip.com/application-notes/8/16443.php
[2] http://www.8051projects.info/threads/at89c51-
programmer.423/page-2
[3] ATMEL corporation AT-89C51 CMOS FLASH MICRO CON-
TROLLER RELIABILITY DATA