This document discusses key concepts in power plant economics including:
1. Load curves show the variation of load over time and are used to select generating unit sizes.
2. Important terms like maximum demand, average load, load factor, and diversity factor influence operating costs.
3. A base load supplies power almost constantly while peak loads exceed the base. Interconnecting plants improves reliability and efficiency.
The function of a power station is to de-
liver power to a large number of consum
ers. However, the power demands of dif-
ferent consumers vary in accordance with their
activities. The result of this variation in demand
is that load on a power station is never constant,
rather it varies from time to time. Most of the
complexities of modern power plant operation
arise from the inherent variability of the load de-
manded by the users. Unfortunately, electrical
power cannot be stored and, therefore, the power
station must produce power as and when de-
manded to meet the requirements of the consum-
ers. On one hand, the power engineer would like
that the alternators in the power station should
run at their rated capacity for maximum efficiency
and on the other hand, the demands of the con-
sumers have wide variations. This makes the
design of a power station highly complex. In this
chapter, we shall focus our attention on the prob-
lems of variable load on power stations.
The function of a power station is to de-
liver power to a large number of consum
ers. However, the power demands of dif-
ferent consumers vary in accordance with their
activities. The result of this variation in demand
is that load on a power station is never constant,
rather it varies from time to time. Most of the
complexities of modern power plant operation
arise from the inherent variability of the load de-
manded by the users. Unfortunately, electrical
power cannot be stored and, therefore, the power
station must produce power as and when de-
manded to meet the requirements of the consum-
ers. On one hand, the power engineer would like
that the alternators in the power station should
run at their rated capacity for maximum efficiency
and on the other hand, the demands of the con-
sumers have wide variations. This makes the
design of a power station highly complex. In this
chapter, we shall focus our attention on the prob-
lems of variable load on power stations.
Enhancement of reactive power capability of doubly fed induction generator 2-3IAEME Publication
With the growing integration into power grids, wind power plants are very important for
power system. According to the grid codes wind power plants should have the ability to perform
voltage control and reactive power compensation at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC). In
general, the entire wind farm operates within a power factor range of 0.95 leading and lagging. This
operation drastically under utilizes the reactive output of the machine. The results offered in this
paper demonstrates enhancement of reactive power capability of Doubly Fed Induction Generator
(DFIG). This additional reactive power supports to improve the post fault voltage and reduces the
overall system losses and also reduces the cost of the generation. The utilization of extended reactive
limits in voltage control may prevent system collapse.
In all these systems, the power flow of electrical energy takes place through Electrical Substations. An Electrical Substation is an assemblage of electrical components including busbars, switchgear, power transformers, auxiliaries, etc. Basically an electrical substation consists of a number of incoming circuits and outgoing circuits connected to common busbar system. Busbars are conducting bars to which a number of incoming or outgoing circuits are connected. Each circuit has certain electrical components such as circuit-breakers, isolators, earthing switches, current transformers, voltage transformers, etc. These components are connected in a definite sequence such that a circuit can be switched off/on during normal operation by manual/remote command and also automatically during abnormal conditions such as short-circuits. A substation receives electrical power from generating station via incoming transmission lines and delivers electrical power via the outgoing transmission lines. Substations
Review on Optimization of Microgrid Using Various Optimization TechniquesIJAEMSJORNAL
The development of a smart grid includes the microgrid. Microgrids are essential to the development of the present and future electricity networks, as they can provide many advantages to the expanding and complex power systems, such as better power quality, increased integration of clean and renewable energy sources, increased efficiency, and increased network stability and reliability., etc. It is basically a small power system which has distributed energy resources (like renewable energy etc.). This paper conducts a literature review on Optimization Algorithms of Microgrid. We provide a summary of the typical system structure, which consists of energy end users, energy distribution systems, energy storage systems, and energy generation systems. Finally, we identify areas for future microgrid research challenges.
Application of the Least Square Support Vector Machine for point-to-point for...IJECEIAES
In today's industrial world, the growing capacity of renewable energy sources is a crucial factor for sustainable power generation. The application of solar photovoltaic (PV) energy sources, as a clean and safe renewable energy resource has found great attention among the consumers in the recent decades. Accurate forecasting of the generated PV power is an important task for scheduling the generators and planning the consumption patterns of customers to save electricity costs. To this end, it is necessary to develop a global model of the generated power based on the effective factors which are mainly the solar radiation intensity and the ambient weather temperature. As a result of the wide numerical range of these parameters and various weather conditions, a large training database must be used for developing the models, which results in high-computational complexity of the algorithms used for training the models. In this paper, a novel algorithm for point to point prediction of the generated power based on the least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) has been proposed which can handle the large training database with a very fewer deal of computation and benefits from reasonable accuracy and generalization capability.
Reliability Evaluation of Riyadh System Incorporating Renewable Generationinventy
In this paper, the experience of Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) in analyzing the generation adequacy for Year 2013 is presented. This analysis is conducted by calculating several reliability indices for Riyadh system hourly load during all four seasonal periods. The reliability indices are gauged against the international utility practice. SEC also plans to introduce renewable energy into the network in order to secure the environmental standards and reduce fuel costs of conventional generation. Thus, the reliability improvement due to different integration levels of Solar and Wind generating sources has also been investigated. The capacity value provided by these variable renewable energy sources (VERs) to reliably meet the system load has been calculated using effective load carrying capability (ELCC) technique with a loss of load expectancy metric.
Analysis of Hybrid Solar PV Connected with Single Phase and Multilevel Invert...ijtsrd
This paper works on modelling of solar PV to generate DC voltage and then connected to chopper as well as inverter from which the outputs derived and analyzed in various control system and different inverter system like single phase inverter and multiphase inverter. In the next phase the hybrid connection trying to establish to achieve the single phase sinusoidal output voltage and to charge the electric vehicle charging station battery station. The output voltage and current as well as active and reactive power has been explored and analyzed. The simulation has been done on a Matlab software and simulation results obtained and analyzed. Climatic analysis is also essential requirement for the enhancement of the outputs as desired and the irradiation of the solar as well as direction analysis done to get the best output in the desired particular location. Bikas Kumar Chandrakar | Mr. Gulab Sahu "Analysis of Hybrid Solar PV Connected with Single Phase and Multilevel Inverter with Battery" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd58608.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/58608/analysis-of-hybrid-solar-pv-connected-with-single-phase-and-multilevel-inverter-with-battery/bikas-kumar-chandrakar
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Enhancement of reactive power capability of doubly fed induction generator 2-3IAEME Publication
With the growing integration into power grids, wind power plants are very important for
power system. According to the grid codes wind power plants should have the ability to perform
voltage control and reactive power compensation at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC). In
general, the entire wind farm operates within a power factor range of 0.95 leading and lagging. This
operation drastically under utilizes the reactive output of the machine. The results offered in this
paper demonstrates enhancement of reactive power capability of Doubly Fed Induction Generator
(DFIG). This additional reactive power supports to improve the post fault voltage and reduces the
overall system losses and also reduces the cost of the generation. The utilization of extended reactive
limits in voltage control may prevent system collapse.
In all these systems, the power flow of electrical energy takes place through Electrical Substations. An Electrical Substation is an assemblage of electrical components including busbars, switchgear, power transformers, auxiliaries, etc. Basically an electrical substation consists of a number of incoming circuits and outgoing circuits connected to common busbar system. Busbars are conducting bars to which a number of incoming or outgoing circuits are connected. Each circuit has certain electrical components such as circuit-breakers, isolators, earthing switches, current transformers, voltage transformers, etc. These components are connected in a definite sequence such that a circuit can be switched off/on during normal operation by manual/remote command and also automatically during abnormal conditions such as short-circuits. A substation receives electrical power from generating station via incoming transmission lines and delivers electrical power via the outgoing transmission lines. Substations
Review on Optimization of Microgrid Using Various Optimization TechniquesIJAEMSJORNAL
The development of a smart grid includes the microgrid. Microgrids are essential to the development of the present and future electricity networks, as they can provide many advantages to the expanding and complex power systems, such as better power quality, increased integration of clean and renewable energy sources, increased efficiency, and increased network stability and reliability., etc. It is basically a small power system which has distributed energy resources (like renewable energy etc.). This paper conducts a literature review on Optimization Algorithms of Microgrid. We provide a summary of the typical system structure, which consists of energy end users, energy distribution systems, energy storage systems, and energy generation systems. Finally, we identify areas for future microgrid research challenges.
Application of the Least Square Support Vector Machine for point-to-point for...IJECEIAES
In today's industrial world, the growing capacity of renewable energy sources is a crucial factor for sustainable power generation. The application of solar photovoltaic (PV) energy sources, as a clean and safe renewable energy resource has found great attention among the consumers in the recent decades. Accurate forecasting of the generated PV power is an important task for scheduling the generators and planning the consumption patterns of customers to save electricity costs. To this end, it is necessary to develop a global model of the generated power based on the effective factors which are mainly the solar radiation intensity and the ambient weather temperature. As a result of the wide numerical range of these parameters and various weather conditions, a large training database must be used for developing the models, which results in high-computational complexity of the algorithms used for training the models. In this paper, a novel algorithm for point to point prediction of the generated power based on the least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) has been proposed which can handle the large training database with a very fewer deal of computation and benefits from reasonable accuracy and generalization capability.
Reliability Evaluation of Riyadh System Incorporating Renewable Generationinventy
In this paper, the experience of Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) in analyzing the generation adequacy for Year 2013 is presented. This analysis is conducted by calculating several reliability indices for Riyadh system hourly load during all four seasonal periods. The reliability indices are gauged against the international utility practice. SEC also plans to introduce renewable energy into the network in order to secure the environmental standards and reduce fuel costs of conventional generation. Thus, the reliability improvement due to different integration levels of Solar and Wind generating sources has also been investigated. The capacity value provided by these variable renewable energy sources (VERs) to reliably meet the system load has been calculated using effective load carrying capability (ELCC) technique with a loss of load expectancy metric.
Analysis of Hybrid Solar PV Connected with Single Phase and Multilevel Invert...ijtsrd
This paper works on modelling of solar PV to generate DC voltage and then connected to chopper as well as inverter from which the outputs derived and analyzed in various control system and different inverter system like single phase inverter and multiphase inverter. In the next phase the hybrid connection trying to establish to achieve the single phase sinusoidal output voltage and to charge the electric vehicle charging station battery station. The output voltage and current as well as active and reactive power has been explored and analyzed. The simulation has been done on a Matlab software and simulation results obtained and analyzed. Climatic analysis is also essential requirement for the enhancement of the outputs as desired and the irradiation of the solar as well as direction analysis done to get the best output in the desired particular location. Bikas Kumar Chandrakar | Mr. Gulab Sahu "Analysis of Hybrid Solar PV Connected with Single Phase and Multilevel Inverter with Battery" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd58608.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/58608/analysis-of-hybrid-solar-pv-connected-with-single-phase-and-multilevel-inverter-with-battery/bikas-kumar-chandrakar
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
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Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
1. Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology (BAUST),
Saidpur
Know the Power Plant Economics Before You Establish ONE
Md. Abu Daud
Lecturer, Mechanical Engineering Department
BAUST
Power Plant Economics
2. Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology (BAUST),
Saidpur
Power Plant Economics
1. Variable Load on Power Station
2. Load Curves
3. Important Terms and Factors
4. Units Generated per Annum
5. Load Duration Curve
6. Types of Loads
7. Typical Demand and Diversity Factors
8. Load Curves and Selection of Generating Units
9. Important Points in the Selection of Units
10.Base Load and Peak Load on Power Station
11.Method of Meeting the Load
12.Interconnected Grid System
This Chapter Will Cover……….
3. Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology (BAUST),
Saidpur
Variable Load on Power Station
The load on a power station varies from time to time due to uncertain demands of the consumers
and is known as variable load on the station.
Effects of variable load: The variable load on a power station introduces many perplexities
in its operation. Some of the important effects of variable load on a power station are :
1. Need of additional equipment.
2. Increase in production cost.
4. Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology (BAUST),
Saidpur
Load Curves
The curve showing the variation of load on the power station with respect to (w.r.t) time
is known as a load curve.
The area under the daily load curve gives the number of units generated in the day.
Units generated/day = Area (in kWh) under daily load curve
5. Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology (BAUST),
Saidpur
Load Curves
The area under the daily load curve divided by the total number of hours gives the average load on the station
in the day.
The ratio of the area under the load curve to the total area of rectangle in which it is contained gives the load
factor.
6. Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology (BAUST),
Saidpur
Load Curves
1. The load curve helps in preparing the operation schedule of the station.
2. The load curve helps in selecting the size and number of generating units.
WHY LOAD CURVES?
7. Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology (BAUST),
Saidpur
Important Terms and Factors
Connected load:
It is the sum of continuous ratings of all the equipments connected to supply system.
Maximum demand :
It is the greatest demand of load on the power station during a given period.
Demand factor:
It is the ratio of maximum demand on the power station to its connected load
i.e Maximum demand meter
**Comment on value of demand factor**
8. Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology (BAUST),
Saidpur
Power Plant Economics
Average load:
The average of loads occurring on the power station in a given period (day or month or year) is known as
average load or average demand.
9. Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology (BAUST),
Saidpur
Load factor
The ratio of average load to the maximum demand during a given period is known as load factor.
The load factor plays key role in determining the overall cost per unit generated. Higher the load factor of the
power station, lesser will be the cost per unit generated.
10. Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology (BAUST),
Saidpur
Diversity factor
The ratio of the sum of individual maximum demands to the maximum demand on power station is known as
diversity factor
Greater than 1??
Plant capacity factor
It is the ratio of actual energy produced to the
maximum possible energy that could have been
produced during a given period
11. Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology (BAUST),
Saidpur
Plant capacity factor continue….
Thus if the considered period is one year
Reserve capacity = Plant capacity − Max. demand
It is interesting to note that difference between load factor and plant capacity factor is an indication of
reserve capacity. If the maximum demand on the plant is equal to the plant capacity, then load factor and
plant capacity factor will have the same value. In such a case, the plant will have no reserve capacity
12. Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology (BAUST),
Saidpur
Plant use factor
It is ratio of kWh generated to the product of plant capacity and the number of hours for which the plant was
in operation
Suppose a plant having installed capacity of 20 MW produces annual output of 7·35 × 10^6 kWh and
remains in operation for 2190 hours in a year…….
13. Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology (BAUST),
Saidpur
Load Duration Curve
When the load elements of a load curve are arranged in the order of descending magnitudes, the curve
thus obtained is called a load duration curve
14. Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology (BAUST),
Saidpur
Plot the load curve and find (i) maximum demand of individual consumer (ii) load factor of individual
consumer (iii) diversity factor and (iv) load factor of the station.
21. Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology (BAUST),
Saidpur
Base Load and Peak Load on Power Station
The unvarying load which
occurs almost the whole day
on the station is known as
base load.
The various peak demands of load
over and above the base load of
the station is known as peak load.
22. Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology (BAUST),
Saidpur
Interconnected Grid System
The connection of several generating stations in parallel is known as an interconnected
grid system
1. Exchange of peak loads
2. Use of older plants
3. Ensures economical operation
4. Increases diversity factor
5. Reduces plant reserve capacity
6. Increases reliability of supply
Advantages of interconnected system
23. Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology (BAUST),
Saidpur
A base load station having a capacity of 18 MW and a standby station having a capacity of 20 MW share a
common load. Find the annual load factors and plant capacity factors of two power stations from the following
data :
Annual standby station output = 7·35 × 106 kWh
Annual base load station output = 101·35 × 106 kWh
Peak load on standby station = 12 MW
Hours of use by standby station/year = 2190 hours
Problem Analysis
24. Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology (BAUST),
Saidpur
Standby station
Installed capacity of standby unit = 20 MW = 20 × 103 kW
Base load station
It is reasonable to assume that the maximum demand on the base load station is equal to the installed capacity
(i.e., 18 MW). It operates throughout the year i.e., for 8760 hours
Editor's Notes
It is because higher load factor factor means lesser maximum demand. The station capacity is so selected that it must meet the maximum demand. Now, lower maximum demand means lower capacity of the plant which, therefore, reduces the cost of the plant.
A power station supplies load to various types of consumers whose maximum demands generally do not occur at the same time. Therefore, the maximum demand on the power station is always less than the sum of individual maximum demands of the consumers. Obviously, diversity† factor will always be greater than 1. There is diversification in the individual maximum demands i.e., the maximum demand of some consumers may occur at one time while that of others at some other time. Hence, the name diversity factor ‡ Greater diversity factor means lesser maximum demand. This in turn means that lesser plant capcity is required. Thus, the capital investment on the plant is reduced.
