34a-Disaster-3-11-21.pdf

DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM
MBBS
MPH (Community Medicine)
M Phil (Preventive & Social Medicine)
mazhar2020@gmail.com; 01711113648

Definition of disaster:
Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological
disruption, loss of human life and
deterioration in health and the health services
on a scale sufficient to warrant an extra
ordinary response from outside the affected
community or area. (WHO)
In short, disasters are special events causing serious disruption to the
way of life and occur with little or no warning.
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com

Hazard
 Definition: Any phenomenon that has the
potential to cause disruption or damage to
people and their environment.
 Example: a crack on a building.

Types of disaster:
1. Natural- Cyclone, flood, tidal waves,
tornado, earthquake, land slide, volcanic
eruption, drought etc.
2. Man made- nuclear accidents, leakage of
toxic chemicals, war, armed conflicts, civil
war, riot etc.

Cyclone:
 It is tropical revolving storm frequently occurring
during early summer and the late autumn. Other
name of cyclone-
 In Western pacific-hurricanes
 In China sea-typhoon
Speed range: there is rotating currents with a velocity
of 100-400Km/hourand a displacement speed of 50-
70km/hr
 Torrential rain usually accompanies cyclones

Flood:
Abnormally great flow of water, causing overflowing the
riverbanks and inundating habitants and large areas of
agricultural lands.
Causes:
Excessive heavy rainfall
Melting snow from upstream region
Overstepping or failure of dams dikes or tidal waves

Tidal waves:
A great mass of sea water in undates vast costal areas.
Criteria: these waves may be as much as 6-9meters high
and may travel upto 80-100 km in land.
Causes: Mainly submarine earthquakes
Some times from storm
Tornado:
Violent whirlwind, characterized by a black funnel
shaped cloud hanging from heavy cumulonimbus
Speed: usually a few hundred feet in diameter and may
exceed 300 km/hr.

Earth quake:
Violent disturbance or convulsion of the earth crust.
Causes:
Mainly due to sliding movement of the layers of earth
crust (Tectonic movement).
Sometimes due to heavy explosion deep inside the earth
( plutonic movement)
Rarely by activity by volcano(Volcanic movement)
Land slide/ Land slip:
Breakaway of a mass of soil or rock from a mountain,
Valley- slop or cliff.
Causes: Due to heavy rain fall
By undermining action of river or sea.

Volcanic eruption:
Mountains or mounds beneath which in the depth of
earth, there is a continual fire, that at interval throws
up flame, molten rocks (lava) and ashes.
Drought:
Days without rain resulting weather dry

Nuclear accidents:
Accidental explosion at the power reactor at Chernobyl in
USSR.
Damage : a) immediate deaths from fatal burn caused by
fire ball or due to acute radiation
b) late after effect of radiation that is leukaemia,
cancer, cataract etc.
Leaks of toxic chemicals:
Example: Bhopal gas tragedy in 3rd December 1984; methyl
isocyanate; Union Carbide pesticide plant.
Causes: Usually due to carelessness, storage in unsafe
place, physical damage to a container, or due to high
temperature.
War, armed conflicts: 2nd world war, 1st world war, Tamil
in Srilanka, Russian invasion in Afghanistan, Kashmir,
Chechnya, Bosnia, Syria, Iraq.

Epidemiological features of disaster:
Disasters are more common in those countries, which are
already affected by ill health and poor economic
conditions.
Recurrence of same type of natural disaster in the same
area,
Examples-Bangladesh-Cyclone, flood
Africa- Droughts and desertification
Disasters have many common features:
Physical injury, problems of damaged shelter, shortage
of food and drinking water, outbreak of epidemics and
loss of communication with out sides.

Effect of natural disaster on health:
Death: common in earthquake and tidal wave.
Severe injury: Usually in earthquake
Risk of infection: increase risk of infection and
communicable diseases is a potential problem in all
kind of major disaster and probably rises with
overcrowding and sanitation
Malnutrition: food scarcity is a common effect of
disasters like flood, tidal bore and droughts causing
shortage of food with its consequent adverse effect on
nutrition
Major population movements: inevitable effect in
disaster like flood and droughts

Effects of a disaster
 Injuries and deaths
 Emotional stress
 Epidemic of disease
 Increase in indigenous disease

Short term effects
 Deaths
 Injuries: major and minor
 Increased risk of communicable diseases
 Increased risk of other events: snake bites, drowning
 Damage to health facilities
 Damage to health properties
 Damage to communication facilities
 Damage to water systems
 Food shortage
 Major population movements

Long term effects
 Change in disease pattern: due to change in vector,
agent etc.
 Land characteristics change
 Economic change, occupation change
 Climate change: by river, forest, swamp change
 Population movement, migration
 Famine
 Epidemics
 Unemployment

Immediate health impact
 Sudden death
 Major and minor injuries
 Snake bite
 Drowning
 Starvation
 Mental shock
 Tetanus
 Aggravation of existing diseases

Delayed impact
 Diarrhea, ARI and other communicable diseases
 Population migration
 Psychological disorders
 Food shortage and nutritional disorders
 Disruption of regular public health services and
programs
 Ecological change
 Diversion of capital investment funds
 Disruption of economy

Disaster management sequence
Disaster impact
Immediate response
Rehabilitation
Reconstruction
Mitigation
Preparedness

Disaster management phases
1. Mitigation
2. Preparedness
3. Response
4. Rehabilitation

Mitigation:
Prevention
Capacity building
Technological measures

Mitigation phase
Preventing hazards
Lessen the likely effects of emergencies
Reducing the vulnerability of the system
 Examples:
 Flood: dams, embankments, dykes, water drainage system
improvement, building houses in high lands etc.
 Earthquake: improving and following building codes.
 Appropriate land use planning.
 Reduction of vulnerable population & properties
 Protection of vulnerable population & properties
 Policy development

Preparedness:
Evaluation
Forecasting & warning
Resource mobilization
Coordination
Communication
Education
Simulation

Preparedness phase
It includes
 Legislative support
 Operational planning
 Education and training of the population
 Technical training of those who will be required to
help in a relief operation; rescue team.
 Stock piling of supplies
 Emergency funding arrangement

Response:
Rescue
Relief
Recovery

Response phase: immediate
 Search, rescue, first aid
 Field care
 Triage
 Tagging
 Identification of dead
 Food and shelter

Rehabilitation
 Water and food supply
 Sanitation & personal hygiene
 Vector control
 Housing
 Employment
 Land development
 Social & utility services
 Communication re-establishment
 Healthcare and educational facilities re-establishment
 Epidemic surveillance and disease control

Rehabilitation :
Emotional and psychological
Education
Physical/medical rehabilitation
Vocational rehabilitation
Environmental rehabilitation
Community rehabilitation

Management of aftermath:
It includes
 Making temporary shelters for homeless
 Maintenance of public law and order
situation
 Maintenance of transport and highway
 Informational and educational activity
 Regarding sanitation including safe water, waste disposal,
control of flies.
 Monitoring the community health status.
 Food and nutrition more attention to the
 Vulnerable group i.e. infants, children, pregnant women,
nursing mothers & the sick.
 Psychological support

Rehabilitation and reconstruction
Following statistical information is required:
 Number of affected persons, their geographical
distribution, age group, occupation
 Damage done to water supplies and health centers
 Number and standard of houses destroyed
 Available manpower, materials, equipments and
financial resources.
 Priority should be given on:
 Reconstruction of roads and public buildings
 Programs for replacing destroyed housing
 Exercise economic and technical control of labour and
material DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,

Emergency Preparedness & Response
Program in Bangladesh: (EPR)
Objectives:
To strengthen the overall capacity & mitigate the adverse
health consequences of emergencies and disasters
Future Plan:
The major activities include:
1. Emergency preparedness
2. Operational research
3. Human resource development
4. Epidemiological and nutritional surveillance

These 4 components are expected to contribute
towards:
 Policy and planning
 Risk management
 Training
 Research
 Information sharing
 Networking

Thank You

34a-Disaster-3-11-21.pdf

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to 34a-Disaster-3-11-21.pdf

Similar to 34a-Disaster-3-11-21.pdf (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

34a-Disaster-3-11-21.pdf