It is all about what emissions are? how emissions affect the environment and what are the factors that cause such emissions. For any assistance: soomromazharali@yahoo.com

1. Emissions during Drilling,
Production, Storage and
LPG Plant Operation
PRESENTED BY:
 Mazhar Ali Soomro (K-13PG43)
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2. Contents
 Emissions in different phases
 Drilling, Production, Storage and LPG Plant Operation
 Key Facts of Emissions in Drilling and Control Measures
 Types of Emissions and Effects
 Emission Reduction Techniques
 Factors affecting emissions
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3. Emissions
 Emission….??
 Emissions are caused due to some reactions either on the surface or underground.
 Sometimes these emissions are harmful and dangerous to the environment and create a pollute
environment which further results in health problems.
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4. Emissions Associated with Drilling
Oil and gas drilling activities require equipment and materials to perform different operations. Generally,
drilling involves the road construction and other infrastructure.
The essential activities:
 Pad, Impoundment and Road Construction(truck traffic)
 Drilling Rigs
 Fracturing
 Flaring
 Condensate Tanks
 Compressor Stations
 Pipeline Leakage
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5. Explosions and Fires
 Explosion : due to the ignition of flammable gases or vapors.
 Emissions : well gases, vapors and hydrogen sulfide.
 Sources:
 Wells, trucks production equipment or surface equipment i.e. shale shakers and tanks.
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6. Key Facts of Drilling Phase
• Fracking Provides Many Opportunities For The Release Of Air Pollutants.
• Pipeline Leaks Are Main Contributor For Methane Emissions; Fracking Growing Contributor.
• EPA: Emissions From Drilling, Including Fracking, And Leaks From Transmission Pipes, Totaled 225 Million Metric
Tons Of Carbon-Dioxide Equivalents During 2011, Second Only To Power Plants.
• Truck Emissions Carrying Materials To And From Sites Increase Air Pollution Around Fracking Operations.
• Increased Emissions Caused By More Fracking Could Speed Climate Change.
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7. Some Drilling Activities 7

8. Emissions Likelihood
 Depends upon field characteristics, well depth, density and geological surrounding of the producing
formation.
 Venting releases methane and other hydrocarbons, including volatile organic compounds and
hazardous air pollutants. Methane has approximately 21 times the global warming potential of
carbon dioxide.
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9. Planning and Prevention
Each company should have its own safety programme :
 Know the Hazard
 Establish ways/methods
 Provide PPE’s
 Communicate the hazards
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10. Emissions from Production facilities
 Oil and natural gas production facilities emit pollutants such as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs)
and volatile organic compounds (VOC). These pollutants can contribute to health problems that
may affect facility employees and the community. While Federal, state, local, and Tribal
regulations limit the amount of emissions from oil and natural gas production facilities,
dangerous releases of HAPs can occur if an oil and natural gas production facility does not
operate in compliance with regulations.
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11. Emissions during O&G Production
 Oil and natural gas production emits benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and
xylenes (BTEX) as well as n-hexane and VOC.
 Benzene
 Exposure to benzene may cause
Irritation of the skin, eyes, and upper respiratory tract.
Blisters on the skin.
 Exposure to benzene over a long period of time may cause blood disorders,
reproductive and developmental disorders, and cancer.
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12. Other Pollutants and Effects 12
Emissions Effects
Toluene Irritation of skin, respiratory tract, headaches
Ethyl Benzene Throat and eye irritation, chest constriction
Xylenes Irritation of the nose and throat, vomiting
N-Hexane Dizziness, giddiness, and headache
VOC’s Breathing difficulties (asthma)

13. Emission Reduction Techniques
 Make Connections
 Make a Plan
 Locate Resources
 Reward Facilities
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14. Emissions during Storage 14

15. LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)
 A Clean Fuel.
 Mixture of Propane, Propylene, Butane and Butylene.
 Three Grades of LPG:
 Commercial grade propane
 Engine fuel-grade propane
 Commercial grade butane
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16. Emissions during LPG Plant Operation
 NOx, CO, Volatile Organic Compounds and SO2.
Methane (CH4), CO2, and Nitrous oxide (N2O).
 Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are all produced during LPG
combustion.
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17. Factors affecting emissions
 Burner design
 Burner Adjustment
 Boiler Operating Parameters, and flue gas venting
 Improper design, blocking and clogging of the flue vent, and
 insufficient combustion air result in improper combustion and the emission of aldehydes, CO,
hydrocarbons, and other organics.
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18. Thank U!!!
For yours kind attention.
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