Gamifying Elements for Soundscape Citizen Science - OPEN INNOVATION IN THE DIGITAL AGE
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May 03, 2016 Gamifying Elements for Soundscape Citizen Science: Increasing User Contributions Through Design and Gamification at SYMPOSIUM: RESEARCHING OPEN INNOVATION IN THE DIGITAL AGE
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Gamifying Elements for Soundscape Citizen Science - OPEN INNOVATION IN THE DIGITAL AGE
- 1. IncreasingUserContributionsThroughDesignandGamification GamifyingElementsforSoundscape CitizenScience May 03, 2016 Matt Harris mjharris@purdue.edu Purdue University Center for Global Soundscapes Research in Open Innovation
- 2. M.S. Purdue University Spring 2016 Ecological Science and Engineering, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program Soundscape Ecology / Environmental Informatics B.S. Purdue University 2013 Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and Civil Engineering Minor in Environmental Engineering Certificate in Entrepreneurship and Innovation Living Building Challenge Design Team 2012 Purdue Energy Forum Public Relations Chairman 2012 Team Leader of Boiler Green Initiative Team 2011 Restaurant Owner/Manager 2008 Purdue Judo Team Instructor 2007 Web and Android Developer Data Visualization and Analytics Tools Field Photographer and Videographer Business Marketing and Design Consulting Introduction PREVIOUS: CURRENT: ACTIVITIES: Mongolia June 2015 facebook.com/mattharris linkedin.com/in/mjharris2407 flickr.com/photos/mjharris mjharris@purdue.edu
- 4. Citizen DataCollection Citizen DataClassification CitizenScience:CrowdsourcingDataCollectionandClassification Cornell Berkley Purdue Oxford Princeton McGill
- 6. Source: Sauermann and Franzoni, Crowd science user contribution patterns and their implications, PNAS 2015 112 (3) 679-684; doi:10.1073/pnas.1408907112 ProblemsInCitizenScienceCommunities 1. Smallgroupsofusersmakethe majorityof contributions. ShareofUsersbyGroup ShareofContributionsbyGroup
- 7. Source: Record the Earth archival data ProblemsInCitizenScienceCommunities 2. Themajoritymakeonlyone contributionthenquit. 1520 329 126 71 34 20 15 7 11 5 6 3 R² = 0.9871 1 10 100 1000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Users Uploads 13 12+ UsersvsNumberof Uploads
- 8. UsersvsNumberof Uploads1520 329 126 71 34 20 15 7 11 5 6 3 R² = 0.9871 1 10 100 1000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Users Uploads Source: Record the Earth archival data ProblemsInCitizenScienceCommunities Opportunities: Significantunder-utilizedpotential Shiftingthebaseline
- 9. Source: Record the Earth archival data ProblemsInCitizenScienceCommunities • Becausemostusersonlycontributeonetime • Tags quickly converge towards the most common elements in the environment • Moredifficult,butperhapsmoreinterestingthingsarelost DataDiversity
- 11. 1. ResearchonCitizenScienceislacking 2. ResearchonGamificationislacking 3. Potentialcontributionsin: AspirationLevel InformationSystemsDesign TheoreticalMotivation
- 12. 1. MotivationalArcFramework 2. ExpectancyTheory 3. SocialExchangeTheory 4. AspirationLevel 5. Self-determinationTheory TowardsaTheoryofEnhancedParticipation
- 13. Crowstonand Fagnot’s‘MotivationalArc’ Framework Amodelforindividualmotivationunderlyingcontributionbehaviorin massivevirtualcollaborationacrosslevelsofparticipation. Threeconditionsforhelping: 1. Awarenessofaproblem 2. Motivationtorespond: socialobligation/responsibilityvsself perceivedabilitytorespond 3. Benefitsofhelpingmustoutweighthecosts Buildingfromliteratureonhelpingbehavior.
- 14. Crowstonand Fagnot’s‘MotivationalArc’ Framework ThreePropositionsforInitialContribution: 1.Theeasieritistocontributetoaproject,themorelikelytocontribute. 2.Themoreavailabletimesomeonehas,themorelikelytocontribute. 3.Themorecurioussomeoneis,themorelikelytocontribute. ThreePropositionsforSustainedContribution: 1. Themoresomeoneexpectstobenefitfromtheprojectasawhole,themorelikelytocontinuetocontribute 2. Thegreatertheskillvarietyofavailabletasks,themorelikelyacontributoristobecomeasustainedcontributor. 3. Themoretaskfeedbacksomeonereceives,themorelikelytobecomeasustainedcontributor. *BuildingfromliteratureonHackmanandOldham’sworkdesignmodel
- 15. Contribution Ease of Use Goals Feedback Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation Fun/Enjoyment Intervention Effect Outcome 2c 1a 1b 2b 2c 2a1a H1a: Simplified design will increase contributions per user H1b: Simplified design will increase perception of fun/enjoyable H2a: Gamified design will increase contributions per user H2b: Gamified design will contribute more diverse data H2c: Gamified design will increase perception of fun/enjoyable
- 16. Recordthe Earth Version 1.0 –Original Design Recordthe Earth Version 2.0 –SimplifiedDesign MinInteractions:16 Submission:Manual Lotsoftext Noconfirmation, Novisualfeedback MinInteractions: 5 Submission:Automatic Reducedtext,addsymbols Successconfirmation Visualfeedback UsabilityMetrics
- 17. WhatisGamification? 1. Introducing playtowork 2. Gameelementscanbeusedtoenhanceintrinsicorextrinsicmotivation 3. Mostcommonlyimplementedarepoints,levelsandleaderboards Game Elements Achievements Story /Theme Leaderboards Goal Setting Challenges Feedback Progress Rewards Levels Points Using elements of game design in non-game contexts to enhance motivation.
- 18. Contribution Ease of Use Goals Feedback Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation Fun/Enjoyment Intervention Effect Outcome 2c 1a 1b 2b 2c 2a1a H1a: Simplified design will increase contributions per user H1b: Simplified design will increase perception of fun/enjoyable H2a: Gamified design will increase contributions per user H2b: Gamified design will contribute more diverse data H2c: Gamified design will increase perception of fun/enjoyable
- 19. Recordthe Earth Version 2.1 –SimplifiedDesign +Goal Setting + 1. Set goals for users to create a contribution target 2. Give feedback on task progress and completion
- 20. Group A Group B Group C RtE v1.0 RtE v2.0 RtE v2.1 Post-survey iOS User Android User Online Signup Pre-Survey Recruiting Group Assignment Experiment Conclusion ExperimentalDesign Model
- 21. Original n = 2177 x̄ = 1.8 sd = 3.4 Simplified n = 63 x̄ = 2.3 sd = 3.1 *This initial data shows support for H1a Source: Record the Earth archival data Preliminary Results
- 22. Preliminary Results Comparison of means shows decrease in the number of tags per recording Possible: The step by step process in the original design forces people to select more tags. Alternative: Aggregate count is inappropriate analysis for diversity of soundscape across app types.
- 23. Challenges • AccesstooriginalsourcecodeforiOSappisrestricted pendingPurdueOTCapproval • Recruitingstudentsvsgeneralpublic • ExperimentalIRBpendingapproval
- 24. FutureWork • Currentscopeislimitedtointrinsicmotivations • Futureworkcanbedoneinsociability,networkeffects, competitivegamificationelements • Adaptingabovetothewebsite
- 25. Questions? May 3, 2016 Matt Harris Purdue University Research in Open Innovation facebook.com/mattharris linkedin.com/in/mjharris2407 flickr.com/photos/mjharris mjharris@purdue.edu