Panitikan ng Daigdig-Unang Markahan-Aralin 1

1. Inihanda ni
G. Mark John A. Ayuso
Guro I, Quezon National High School

6. •Matatagpuan sa pagitan ng Europe, Hilaga ng Africa, at
Timog-Kanlurang Asya.
•Sinasaklaw nito ang 22 iba’t ibang bansa mula sa tatlong
kontinente:
Sa kontinente ng Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, at
Tunisia.
Sa kontinente ng Asya: Cyprus, Israel, Lebanon, at Syria

7. Sa kontinente ng Europe: Albania, Bornia,
Herzegovina, Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, Malta,
Monaco, Montenegro, Slovenia, Spain, at Turkey.
•Ang sinaunang Mediterranean ang nakatuklas ng
sistema ng pagsulat na nagpabago at humubog sa
kasaysayan ng mundo.

8. Papyrus Scroll
Most of the texts stored in the libraries of ancient Egypt were written on scrolls made out of
the papyrus plant. By layering, wetting, and then drying layers of the plant’s cellulose
together, people could create a fine writing surface. This hieroglyphic scroll is part of the
Book of the Dead, from ancient Egypt. Its detailed illustrations demonstrate both the
durability and quality of papyrus.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

9. •Unti-unting umunlad ang pagsulat mula sa
simbolong larawan, simpleng komunikasyon
tungo sa likhang-sining at panitikan.

10. •Ang panitikan ng Sinaunang Mediterranean ay naging
batayan ng iba’t ibang uri ng panitikan sa buong mundo.

12. •Imagine yourself living in ancient times.
•No Christianity, Islam, or any of the
modern-day religions. Everything you
need to survive is literally in front of you–
food, clothes, a roof over your head, you
name it.

13. You’re now questioning your very own
existence. Questions you never knew you
needed to answer are flooding your
brain: Why is the sky blue? Where did we
come from? Who controls everything? But
with no religion to rely on, how can you
possibly make sense of everything?

15. Tumutukoy sa kalipunan ng mga mito
mula sa isang pangkat ng tao sa isang
lugar na naglalahad ng kasaysayan ng
mga diyos-diyusan noong unang
panahon na sinasamba, dinarakila at
pinipintakasi ng mga sinaunang tao.

16. Sa Pilipinas, ang mito ay
kinabibilangan ng mga kwentong-
bayang naglalahad ng tungkol sa
mga diyos at diyosa, mga anito, mga
kakaibang nilalang, at sa pagkabuo o
pagkagunaw ng daigdig noon.

17. •Ang salitang mito/myth ay galing sa salitang Latin na
mythos at mula sa Greek na muthos, na ang
kahulugan ay kwento. Ang muthos ay halaw pa sa mu
na ang ibig sabihin ay paglikha ng tunog sa bibig.
•Sa Klasikal na Mitolohiya ang mito ay representasyon
ng marubdob na pangarap at takot ng mga sinaunang
tao.

18. 1. Ipaliwanag ang pagkakalikha ng daigdig
2. Ipaliwanag ang puwersa ng kalikasan
3. Maikuwento ang mga sinaunang gawaing panrelihiyon
4. Magturo ng mabuting aral
5. Maipaliwanag ang kasaysayan
6. Maipahayag ang marubdob na pangarap, matinding
takot, at pag-asa ng sangkatauhan

20. •Kadalasang tungkol sa politika, ritwal at moralidad na
ayon sa batas ng kanilang mga diyos at diyosa.
•Kabayanihan ang isang mahalagang tema.
•Hinalaw mula sa Greece na kanilang sinakop.
Binigyan nila ng bagong pangalan ang karamihan sa
mga diyos at diyosa ng Greece. Ang ilan ay binihisan
nila ng ibang katangian. Lumikha ng bagong mga
diyos at diyosa ayon sa kanilang paniniwala at kultura.

25. Jupiter (Zues)
Hari ng mga diyos, diyos
ng kalawakan at panahon.
Tagapagparusa sa mga
sinungaling at hindi
marunong tumupad ng
pangako.
Asawa ni Juno
Sandata niya ang kulog
at kidlat.

26. Juno (Hera)
Reyna ng mga diyos
Tagapangalaga ng
pagsasama ng mag-asawa
Asawa ni Jupiter

27. Neptune (Poseidon)
Kapatid ni Jupiter
Hari ng karagatan, lindol
Kabayo ang kanyang
simbolo

28. Pluto (Hades)
Kapatid ni
Jupiter
Panginoon ng
Impyerno

29. Mars (Ares)
Diyos ng digmaan
Buwitre ang ibong maiuugnay sa kaniya

30. Apollo (Apollo)
Diyos ng propesiya,
liwanag , araw, musika,
panulaan
Diyos ng salot at paggaling
Lumba-lumba at uwak ang
kaniyang simbolo

31. Minerva (Athena)
Diyosa ng karunungan,
digmaan at katusuhan
Kuwago ang ibong
maiuugnay sa kaniya

32. Diana (Artemis)
Diyosa ng panga-
ngaso, ligaw na hayop,
at ng buwan

33. Vulcan (Hephaestus)
Diyos ng apoy, bantay ng
mga diyos

34. Mercury (Hermes)
Mensahero ng mga diyos,
paglalakbay,
pangangalakal, siyensya,
pagnanakaw, at
panlilinlang.

35. Venus (Aphrodite)
Diyosa ng
kagandahan, pag-ibig
Kalapati ang ibong
maiuugnay sa kaniya

36. Vesta (Hestia)
Kapatid na babae ni
Jupiter
Diyosa ng apoy mula sa
pugon

38. •The late anthropologist Henry Otley Beyer shared
his own observation:
“Among the Christianized peoples of the plains the
myths are preserved chiefly as folktales, but in the
mountains their recitation and preservation is a
real and living part of the daily religious life of
the people. Very few of these myths are written;
the great majority of them are preserved by oral
tradition only.”

39. There’s no one-size-fits-all rule in Philippine
mythology. In other words, ancient Filipinos from
every part of the country didn’t stick to a single
version of creation story nor did they give uniform
names to their deities. As a result, Philippine
mythology became so diverse that studying it now
is like staring at a list of gazillion Pokémons.

40. •These deities are either good or bad, and each of them
has a specific function. Renowned anthropologist F.
Landa Jocano, author of Outline of Philippine
Mythology, explained it further:
“Some of these deities are always near; others are
inhabitants of far-off realms of the Skyworld who
take interest in human affairs only when they are
invoked during proper ceremonies which compel them to
come down to earth.”

43. Also known as Abba, this highest-ranking deity was
described as “may kapal sa lahat,” or the creator of
everything. His origin is unknown but his name suggests
Hindu influences. According to William Henry
Scott, Bathala was derived from the
Sanskrit bhattara which means “noble lord.”
From his abode in the sky called Kawalhatian, this deity
looks over mankind. He’s pleased when his people
follow his rules, giving everything they need to the
point of spoiling them (hence, the bahala
na philosophy). But mind you, this powerful deity could
also be cruel sometimes, sending lightning and thunder to
those who sin against him.

44. If Bathala was the boss, the other lesser deities
who lived with him in the sky were his
assistants. Each of these lower-ranking gods
and goddesses had specific responsibilities. One
of them was Idianale (Idiyanale or Idianali in
other sources), the goddess of labor and good
deeds.
There are varying accounts as to what specific
field Idianale was worshiped for. Historian
Gregorio Zaide said that Idianale was the god
of agriculture, while other sources suggest that
she was the patron of animal husbandry, a
branch of agriculture.

45. Dumangan was the Tagalog
sky-god of good harvest, the
husband of Idianale, and father
to Dumakulem and Anitun Tabu.

46. Among ancient Tagalogs, Anitun
Tabu was known as the “fickle-minded
goddess of the wind and rain.” She’s one of
the two children of Dumangan and Idianale.
In Zambales, this goddess was known
as Aniton Tauo, one of the lesser deities
assisting their chief god, Malayari. Legend has
it that Aniton Tauo was once considered
superior to other Zambales deities. She
became so full of herself that Malayari reduced
her rank as a punishment.

47. Dumakulem was the son
of Idianale and Dumangan, and brother of wind
goddess Anitun Tabu. The ancient Tagalogs
revered him as the guardian of the
mountains. He is often depicted as a strong and
skillful hunter.
This Tagalog sky-god later tied the knot with
another major deity, Anagolay, known as the
goddess of lost things. The marriage produced
two children: Apolaki, the sun god, and Dian
Masalanta, the goddess of lovers.

48. Probably one of the most intriguing deities of
Philippine mythology, Ikapati (or Lakapati) was the
Tagalog goddess of fertility. F. Landa Jocano
described her as the “goddess of the cultivated
land” and the “benevolent giver of food and
prosperity.”
Some sources describe Lakapati as androgynous,
hermaphrodite, and even a “transgender” god.
In William Henry Scott’s “Baranggay,” Lakapati is
described as a major fertility deity represented by
a “hermaphrodite image with both male and
female parts.”

49. In Tagalog mythology, Mapulon was the
god of seasons. F. Landa Jocano, in the
book “Outline of Philippine
Mythology,” described Mapulon as one of
the lesser divinities assisting Bathala.
Not much is known about this deity, aside
from the fact that he
married Ikapati/Lakapati, the fertility
goddess, and sired Anagolay, the
goddess of lost things.

50. Pre-colonial Tagalogs who were hopelessly
looking for their missing stuff prayed
to Anagolay, the goddess of lost
things. She was the daughter of two major
Tagalog deities–Ikapati and Mapulon.
When she reached the right age, she
married the hunter Dumakulem and gave
birth to two more deities:Apolaki and Dian
Masalanta, the ancient gods of sun and
lovers, respectively.

51. Arguably the Filipino counterpart of the Roman
god Mars, Apolaki appeared in several ancient
myths. The Tagalogs revered Apolaki as the
sun god as well as patron of the warriors. He
shares almost the same qualities with the
Kapampangan sun god of war and death, Aring
Sinukuan.
Early people of Pangasinan claimed that Apolaki
talked to them. Back when blackened teeth
were considered the standard of beauty,
some of these natives told a friar that a
disappointed Apolaki had scolded them for
welcoming “foreigners with white teeth.”

52. If the Greeks had Aphrodite, our Tagalog
ancestors had Dian Masalanta. The patron
goddess of lovers and childbirth, this deity
was the brother of the sun god Apolaki to
parents Anagolay and Dumakulem.

53. Depending on what book you
read, Amanikabli (Amanikable or Aman Ikabli in
other sources) could either be the ancient
Tagalog patron of hunters or god of the sea.
In the book Barangay by William Henry Scott and
the 1936 Encyclopedia of the Philippines by Zoilo
Galang, Amanikabli was identified as the
Tagalog anito of hunters who rewarded his
worshipers with a good game.

54. Once upon a time, Bathala fell in love with a
mortal woman. She died after giving birth to
three beautiful daughters. Of
course, Bathala didn’t want anything bad to
happen to his girls so he brought all three of
them to the sky to live with him.
Before long, these three demigods were given
specific roles: Mayari, Hana (or Hanan in
other references), and Tala became the
Tagalog goddesses of the moon, morning,
and star, respectively.

55. F. Landa Jocano’s Outline of Philippine
Mythology gave a flattering description of
the moon goddess, Mayari: She was
the “most beautiful divinity in the court of
Bathala.” In other Luzon myths, however,
the moon deity was anything but a
beautiful goddess.

56. Hana/Hanan, the goddess
of the morning and sister of
Mayari and Tala.

57. Tala is the name of the
goddess of the morning and
evening star in Tagalog
mythology. Her origins are
varied depending on region.

58. Not all deities of Philippine mythology lived in the
sky with Bathala. Some of them co-existed with the
ancient Tagalogs and were easily invoked during
religious ceremonies headed by a catalonan.
Spanish lexicographers called these supernatural
beings anito, Bathala‘s agents who were assigned
specific functions. Three of the most interesting
minor deities actually had names that rhyme
together:

59. In William Henry
Scott’s “Barangay,” Lakanbakod (Lakan
Bakod or Lakambacod in other
sources) was described as a deity who
had “gilded genitals as long as a rice
stalk.”
Lakanbakod was the “lord of fences,” a
protector of crops powerful enough to
keep animals out of farmlands. Hence,
he was invoked and offered eels when
fencing a plot of land.

60. Among the ancient
Kapampangans, Lakandanum was known as the
water god depicted as a serpent-like mermaid
(naga). Before the Spaniards arrived, they would
often throw livestock to the river as a peace offering
for Lakandanum. Failure to do so resulted in long
periods of drought.
Every year during the dry season, the natives would
make sacrifices for the water god to give them rain.
And when the rain started pouring, they would take
it as a cue that Lakandanum had returned, and
everyone would be in a festive mood.

61. Lakambini was just as fascinating. Although
the name is almost synonymous
with “muse” nowadays, it was not the case
during the early times.
Up until the 19th century, lacanbini had
been the name given to an anito whom
Fray San Buenaventura described
as “diyus-diyosang sumasakop siya sa
mga sakit sa lalamunan.” In simple English,
this minor deity was invoked by our ancestors
to treat throat ailments.

62. In some Tagalog creation
myths, Bathala was not the only deity who
lived in the universe before humanity was
born. He shared the space with two other
powerful gods: the serpent Ulilang
Kaluluwa (“orphaned spirit”) who lived in
the clouds and the wandering god aptly
named Galang Kaluluwa.

63. Ulilang Kaluluwa wanted the earth and the
rest of the universe for himself. Therefore,
when he learned of Bathala who was eyeing
for the same stuff, he decided to fight. After
days of non-stop battle, Bathala became the
last man standing. The lifeless body of Ulilang
Kaluluwa was subsequently burned.

64. A few years later, Bathala and Galang Kaluluwa met. The
two became friends, with Bathala even inviting the latter to
stay in his kingdom. But the life of Galang Kaluluwa was
cut short by an illness. Upon his friend’s
request, Bathala buried the body at exactly the same spot
where Ulilang Kaluluwa was previously burned.
Soon, a mysterious tree grew from the grave. Its fruit and
wing-like leaves reminded Bathala of his departed friend,
while the hard, unattractive trunk had the same qualities as
the evil Ulilang Kaluluwa.
The tree, as it turned out, is the “tree of life” we greatly
value today–the coconut.

65. Haliya is the moon goddess of
Bicolano mythology who
periodically comes down to earth
to bathe in its waters.
Legend has it that the world used to
be illuminated by seven moons. The
gigantic sea serpent
called bakunawa, a mythical
creature found in the early Bicolano
and Hiligaynon culture, devoured all
but one of these moons.

66. Pre-colonial Filipinos blamed
the bakunawa for causing the eclipse. Its
name, which literally means “bent
serpent,” first appeared in a 1637
dictionary by Fr. Alonso de
Mentrida. Bakunawa was deeply
embedded in our ancient culture that
by the time Fr. Ignacio Alcina penned
his 1668 book Historias de las Islas e
Indios de las Bisayas, the name of the
sea serpent was already synonymous
with the eclipse.

67. In a way, our Tagalog ancestors already believed
in the afterlife even before the colonizers
introduced us to their Bible. One proof is the pre-
colonial custom of burying the dead with
a pabaon, which could be in the form of jewelry,
food, or even slaves.
The Kasanaan is a place of punishment ruled
by Sitan, which shares striking similarities with
Christianity’s ultimate villain, Satan. However,
Jocano said that Sitan was most likely derived from
the Islamic ruler of the underworld
named Saitan (or Shaitan). This suggests that the
Muslim religion already had a grip to our society
way before the Spaniards arrived.

68. Just like Bathala, the
vicious Sitan was also assisted by
other lesser deities or mortal agents.
First was Mangagaway, the wicked
shapeshifter who wore a skull
necklace and could kill or heal
anyone with the use of her magic
wand. She could also prolong one’s
death for weeks or even months by
simply binding a snake containing
her potion around the person’s waist.

69. Mansisilat was literally the home-
wrecker of Philippine mythology. As
the goddess of broken homes, she
accepted it as her personal mission to
destroy relationships. She did this by
disguising herself as an old beggar or
healer who would enter the homes of
unsuspecting couples. Using her
charms, Mansisilat could magically
turn husbands and wives against each
other, ending up in separation.

70. In William Henry
Scott’s Baranggay, the former was
described as “the most powerful kind
of witch, able to kill or cause
unconsciousness simply by greeting
a person.” Jocano added that
a Hukluban was also a terrific
shapeshifter who could make
anything happen–say, burn a
house down–by simply uttering it.

71. The Mankukulam, on the other hand, often
wandered around villages pretending to be
a priest-doctor. In the same book by
Scott, a mankukulam was described as
a “witch who appears at night as if
burning, setting fires that cannot be
extinguished, or wallows in the filth
under houses, whereupon some
householder will sicken and die.”

89. Sanggunian:
https://filipiknow.net/philippine-mythology-gods-and-
goddesses/?fbclid=IwAR2iQTlfkch14ryxCKFVvlkCeEnZJr
85s3-jjgvu644TrmK-wyMqDb847iU

90. Takdang-Aralin
•Basahin ang mitong Cupid at
Psyche