2. What is a Project Life Cycle?
► The span of time from the project start to
the end is called the project life cycle.
INTRODUCTION
3. What are Examples of Project Life Cycles?
► The PMI (Project Management Institute) have defined common five
phases which come together to form the project management
lifecycle:
∙ Initiating: Defining what needs to be done
∙ Planning: Defining how to do what needs to be done
∙ Executing: Making a project happen
∙ Monitoring & Controlling: Keeping a project on track
► Closing: Ending a project
4. I. PROJECT IDENTIFICATION
► The purpose of project identification is to develop a preliminary
proposal for the most appropriate set of interventions and course of
action, within specific time and budget frames, to address a specific
development goal in a particular region or setting.
What is the purpose of project identification?
5. What does Identification involve?
►Identification involves:
∙ a review of alternative approaches or options for addressing
a set of development problems and opportunities;
∙ the definition of project objectives and scope of work at the
degree of detail necessary to justify commitment of the
resources for detailed formulation and respective preparatory
studies;
∙ and the identification of the major issues that must be
tackled and the questions to be addressed before a project
based on the concept can be implemented
I. PROJECT IDENTIFICATION
6. What are major steps involved in Identification?
►Major Steps in Identification are follows:
∙ review of the national and sectoral analyses, plans and
priorities of both the government and the potential financing
agency;
∙ social analysis;
∙ stakeholder analysis;
∙ diagnosis and preliminary assessments of technical,
institutional or socio-economic constraints and opportunities;
∙ the definition of clear project objectives and related metrics is
important to focus the discussion;
∙ review of alternative possible solutions or development
strategies;
∙ review and assessment of relevant past and current
development efforts and projects.
I. PROJECT IDENTIFICATION
7. How will you summarize the Findings of Identification?
►Summarizing the Findings of Identification
∙ an explanation of the context in which the investment has been
identified;
∙ the reasoning processes which led the team to its conclusions;
∙ general evidence that the proposed development will be attractive
to the intended beneficiaries and that it can be implemented in the
chosen setting;
∙ any design alternatives from which to make the final choice of what
to prepare in detail;
∙ the issues to be resolved or decisions to be taken, and by whom,
to finalize choices and clear the way for final preparation; and
∙ a listing of further studies necessary to bring the chosen or
recommended option to final preparation, including terms-of-
reference, cost estimates, timetables and suggested
responsibilities.
I. PROJECT IDENTIFICATION
8. What is the main function of Project
Prioritization and what is its main objective?
►Project prioritization enables the government to choose the
right alternatives when there are numerous economically and
technically feasible projects to address the public needs.
►The main objective is to ensure that public funds are well
spent and produce the highest benefit for society — even if
there is a restriction in the budget or in users’ capacity to pay.
Prioritization may require the government to abandon a project
for the time being, or move it to later in the program.
II. PROJECTS PRIORITIZATION
9. What are the Areas of Focus to Enable
Governments to Perform Rigorous Evaluation of
Projects?
∙ First, they should train the right people and develop the appropriate
systems for conducting these evaluations.
∙ Second, governments must develop benchmark databases that collect
cost information on both public and PPP infrastructure projects.
∙ Third, governments need to develop standardized methodologies for
making these assessments and identify a source of common key
assumptions, such as what the financing costs would look like under
a public-sector approach versus a private-sector approach.
II. PROJECTS PRIORITIZATION
10. What does Logical Framework Structure consist?
►A Logical Framework (or Log Frame) consists of a matrix with
four columns and four or more rows which summarize the key
elements of the project plan including:
►A. The project's hierarchy of objectives.
►B. Strengths of the Logical Framework Approach
►C. Weaknesses of the Logical Framework Approach
III. PROGRAM/PROJECT LOG FRAME
11. What is Market Analysis?
►A market analysis is an assessment, which
allows you to determine how suitable a
particular market is for your industry.
IV. MARKET ANALYSIS
12. What goes into a Business Plan Market Analysis?
►Target Market. Include demographic information on
the group you’re targeting, including age, gender and
income level.
IV. MARKET ANALYSIS
13. What goes into a Business Plan Market Analysis?
►Market Need. This is where you can briefly
introduce the competitive edge you have, although
you’ll get into that in more depth in following
sections.
IV. MARKET ANALYSIS
14. What goes into a Business Plan Market Analysis?
►Market Growth. While no one can predict the
future, it’s important to get a possible idea of what
business may be like down the road and make sales
projections.
IV. MARKET ANALYSIS
15. What goes into a Business Plan Market Analysis?
►Market Trends. You need to take a look at trends
the same way you look at population and
demographics.
IV. MARKET ANALYSIS
16. What goes into a Business Plan Market Analysis?
►Market Research Testing. Talk about what kind of
testing and information gathering you’ve done to
figure out where you stand in the market.
IV. MARKET ANALYSIS
17. What goes into a Business Plan Market Analysis?
►Competitive Analysis. There’s no way to succeed
unless you’ve examined your competition.
IV. MARKET ANALYSIS
18. What goes into a Business Plan Market Analysis?
►Barriers to Entry. Lenders and investors need to
have a reasonable assurance they’ll be paid back, so
they’ll want to know what would stop someone else
from swooping in, doing what you do, and grabbing
half the available business.
IV. MARKET ANALYSIS
19. What goes into a Business Plan Market Analysis?
►Regulations. Cover regulations as a barrier to
entry.
IV. MARKET ANALYSIS
20. What are the Six Sources for Market Analysis Information?
∙ The Internet. Some of the first information you
need is about population and demographics: who
your potential customers are, how many there are,
and where they live or work.
IV. MARKET ANALYSIS
21. What are the Six Sources for Market Analysis Information?
∙ Local Chamber of Commerce. A lot of local
information can be gotten from the chamber of
commerce in the area where you plan to operate.
IV. MARKET ANALYSIS
22. What are the Six Sources for Market Analysis Information?
∙ Other Resources. When actual statistical information isn’t
available, you’ll often be able to put together a good picture
of the market from a variety of other sources.
IV. MARKET ANALYSIS
23. What are the Six Sources for Market Analysis Information?
∙ Customer Mindset. Take yourself out of the equation as the owner and stand in
your customer’s shoes when you look at the business.
IV. MARKET ANALYSIS
24. What are the Six Sources for Market Analysis Information?
∙ Shop the Competition. Always be aware of what’s going on in the market.
Check out websites for pricing and other marketing information. Follow their
Facebook pages. If you can’t be a customer of the competition, ask your
customers and suppliers about them.
IV. MARKET ANALYSIS
25. What are the Six Sources for Market Analysis Information?
∙ Traditional Market Research. While you can gather a lot of data online, your
best information will come from potential customers themselves. Send out
surveys, ask for input and feedback, and conduct focus groups. You can do this
yourself or hire a market research firm to do it for you.
IV. MARKET ANALYSIS
26. What is Financial Analysis?
► Financial analysis is the examination of financial
information to reach business decisions. This analysis
typically involves an examination of both historical and
projected profitability, cash flows, and risk. It may result in
the reallocation of resources to or from a business or a
specific internal operation.
V. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
27. What are the elements of an organization?
►Elements of an organization:
∙ People
∙ Purpose
∙ Division of Tasks
∙ A system to coordinate tasks
∙ A definable boundary separating those inside from
those outside the organization
VI. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
28. What are the Management Functions and Processes?
►A. PLANNING – setting an organization’s goals and deciding how best to achieve
them. It involves selecting missions & objectives and the actions to achieve them. It
requires decision making, that is, choosing from among alternative future courses of
action and bridges the gap from where we are to where we want to go
VI. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
29. What are the Management Functions and Processes?
►B. ORGANIZING – determining how activities and resources are to be grouped,
identification and classification of required activities, grouping activities necessary to
attain objectives and the assignment of each grouping to a manager with the
authority necessary to supervise it
VI. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
30. What are the Management Functions and Processes?
►C. STAFFING – the filling and keeping filled, positions in the organizational
structure. Recruiting, hiring, training, evaluating and compensating are the specific
activities included in the function.
VI. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
31. What are the Management Functions and Processes?
►D. LEADING – the process of influencing people so that they will
contribute to organization and group goals.
VI. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
32. What are the Management Functions and Processes?
►E. CONTROLLING – the measurement and correction of performance in order to
make sure that enterprise objectives and the plans devised to attain them are being
accomplished.
VI. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
