2. Introduction to ANS
Neurons = A cell that received & send electrical signal
over long distance.
Nervous system = Brain + Spinal Cord + Ganglia +
Receptor organ.
CNS = Brain + Spinal Cord.
PNS = Other then Brain + Spinal Cord
ANS = Heart muscles, smooth muscles.
Sympathetic nerves system = adjust stress & prepare
the body for fight or flight.
Parasympathetic nerves system = adjust stress free,
rest and digest. 2
3. Introduction to ANS Con..
Somatic = ( voluntary ) neuron association with skittle
muscle influence voluntary movement.
Involuntary nerves = that control muscles of internal
organs- heart, blood vessels, exocrine glands, lungs,
stomach, viscera
Reflex = muscles contraction in response to stretching.
Hypothalamus = control – 1. Body temperature 2.
Hunger 3. Thirst 4. Body equilibrium.
Maintains homeostasis
Endocrinal, metabolic, immunological, emotional
activities, somatomotor, Integrates sensory. 3
4. Introduction to ANS Con..
Afferent nerves = nerve that care impulse toward
CNS.
Efferent nerves = nerve that care impulse away from
CNS.
Pre-ganglionic neuron = myelinated
Post-ganglionic neurons = non-myelinated
Ganglion = junction b/w pre & postganglionic fibers.
Nerve conduction = generate nerve impulse
Nerve transmission = transfer impulse one nerve to
another nerve or muscles.
4
9. Cholinergic system
Acetylcholine is the principal NT at nm junction.
Synthesize, store, release ACh
Sites of ACh release
Ganglia: pre-ganglionic fibres of ANS (both sympathetic
& para-sympathetic)
Post-ganglionic parasympathetic nerve endings
Sweat glands
Skeletal muscles
Adrenal medulla
CNS: brain, spinal cord
9
18. Cholinomimetic Agents
i. Reversible AntiChEs
a) Tertiary
Physostigmine
Tacrine
b) Quarternary
Neostigmine
Pyridostigmine
Edrophonium
ii. Irreversible anticholinesterases
a) Organophosphates
Miotics
Dyflos (DFP)
Ecothiophate
Insecticides
Malathion (Licel), Parathion
Diazinon (Tik-20)
War gases: Sarin, Soman, Tabun
b) Carbamates: Propoxur (Bagyon)
18
B. Indirectly acting agents (ACh enhancers/amplifiers)
19. Cholinergic drugs
Chemicals that act at the same site as ACh
Mimic actions of ACh
Acetylcholine
Muscarinic actions
Heart (M2): Depress SA, reduces heart rate, force
of contraction, decrease conduction velocity
Blood vessels: relax vascular smooth muscles,
dilates blood vessels of skin & mucous membrane,
BP
19
20. Acetylcholine
Smooth muscle: tone of all other non-vascular smooth
muscles
GIT: peristalsis (M3)
Urinary bladder (M3): contract detrussor, relax trigone of
bladder, promotes voiding of urine
Bronchus (M3): contraction: Bronchospasm
Secretory glands:
Enhance secretions (GI secretions-M1)
Eye (M3): miosis (circular muscles of iris), accommodation,
drainage of aqueous humor, ciliary muscle contraction
20
22. Acetylcholine
Uses
PO: Destroyed in GIT
Not used therapeutically
Esters of ACh
Carbachol: longer DOA
Used in glaucoma
Bethanechol: hypotonia of bladder & GI smooth
muscles, post op paralytic ileus, urinary retention
Adverse effects
Diarrhea, flushing, salivation, sweating, bradycardia,
hypotension, Bronchospasm, syncope
22
24. Glaucoma
Increased IOP
Causes
Blockage of drainage of aqueous humor
Increased formation of aqueous humor
Management
Decrease formation of aqueous humor
Timolol, betaxolol, levobunolol
Adrenaline, acetazolamide, Apraclonidine, brimonidine.
Increase drainage of aq humor
Carbachol, pilocarpine, physostigmine, latanoprost
24
25. Alkaloids
Arecoline
– Chief alkaloid of areca or betel nuts
– Muscarinic & nicotinic receptors
– Enhances salivary secretion
– No therapeutic indication
Muscarine
– Quaternary amine
– Muscarinic receptors
– Found in mushrooms (Amanita muscaria)
– Small amounts edible
– Large amounts poisonous
– Effects: fall in BP, temporary pause of heart beat,
Antidote: ATROPINE
25
26. Anticholinesterases
The agents inhibiting the action of
acetylcholinesterase are called anti
acetylcholinesterase (AntiCHEs) or
Cholinesterase inhibitors
26
27. Anticholinesterases
i. Reversible AntiChEs
a) Tertiary
Physostigmine
Tacrine
b) Quarternary
Neostigmine
Pyridostigmine
Edrophonium
ii. Irreversible anticholinesterases
a) Organophosphates
Miotics
Dyflos (DFP)
Ecothiophate
Insecticides
Malathion (Licel), Parathion
Diazinon (Tik-20)
War gases: Sarin, Soman, Tabun
b) Carbamates: Propoxur (Bagyon)
27
29. • Physostigmine - only anticholinesterase capable
of crossing the blood brain barrier. Is more lipid
soluble.
• Used as an antidote for overdosage of
anticholinergics such as:
atropine, antihistamines, TCA, phenothiazines.
• Glaucoma.
• Pyridostigmine - drug of choice for patients
with Myasthenia gravis.
30. • Neostigmine - prototype anticholinesterase agent.
Used for long-term treatment of myasthenia gravis
and as an antidote for tubocurarine and other non-
depolarizing agents in surgery.
• Donepezil -
• Used in the treatment of mild to moderate
Alzheimer’s disease.
• Helps to increase or maintain memory and
learning capabilities.
31. • Cobra bite – edrophonium (prevent respiratory
paralysis.
• atropine poisoning – Physostigmine
(antogonizes both central and peripheral effects).
• Alzheimer’s Disease – Donepezil,
galantamine, tacrine, rivastigmine.
32. Myasthenia Gravis (Myo + asthenia)
Autoimmune disorder
Reduction in number of free NM
receptors
Causes: Development of
antibodies directed to Nicotinic
receptors at muscle end plate
Reduction in number by 1/3rd of NM
receptors
Structural damage to NM junction
Weakness & easy fatigability on
repeated activity, with recovery after
rest
32
33.
34. Myasthenia gravis – Treatment
Neostigmine: improve muscle contraction by allowing ACh
released fromprejunctional endings to accumulate.
Neostigmine – 15to 30mg. orally every 6 hrly
Dose frequency is Adjusted according to the response
Pyridostigmine – less frequency of dosing
35. Other drugs: Corticosteroids (prednisolone 30-60 mg
/day induces remission and 10mg daily or on
alternate days can be used for maintenance therapy. )
– immunosuppression
Inhibits production of NRantibodies .
Both azathioprine and cyclosporine also inhibitNR-
antibody synthesis by affecting T-cells.
Removal of antibodies by plasmapheresis (plasma
exchange) is another therapeutic approach.
36. Anticholinesterases
Uses
Glaucoma
Reverse effects of mydriatic
To prevent/break adhesions between iris & lens
Myasthenia gravis
Reverse effects of muscle relaxants
Post op paralytic ileus/ urinary retention
Belladona (atropine) poisoning: Physostigmine DOC
Alzheimer’s disease
36
37. Cholinergic Agents: Adverse Effects
Adverse effects are a result of overstimulation of the PNS.
Cardiovascular: – Bradycardia, hypotension, conduction
abnormalities (AV block and cardiac arrest)
CNS: – Headache, dizziness, convulsions
Gastrointestinal: – Abdominal cramps, increased
secretions, nausea, vomiting
Respiratory: Increased bronchial secretions, bronchospasm
Other: Lacrimation, sweating, salivation, miosis
37
38. Drug Adverse Effects of Cholinergic Agents
“MSLUBDD”
Many Smart Ladies Ultimately Bring Disaster for Dudes!
Miosis
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Bronchoconstriction
Defaecation
Decreased heart rate
39. Acute toxic effects of irreversible
cholinesterase inhibitors (OP poisoning )
• These agents are lipid soluble
• Can enter the body by the eye,skin, respiratory system and GI
tract.
• organophosphate insecticides (malathion, parathion) or nerve
gases (sarin, tabun, soman)
• These agents cause excessive cholinergic
stimulation (muscarinic) and neuromuscular blockade
40. • Cholinergic crisis occurs because the
irreversible anticholinesterase poison binds to
the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and
inactivates it.
• Thus, acetylcholine remains in cholinergic
synapses causing excessive stimulation of
muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.
41. Treatment of OP poisoning
Emergency treatment includes:
• Decontamination of clothing
• Flushing poison from skin and eyes
• Activated charcoal and lavage for GI
ingestion
• Atropine to counteract the muscarinic
effects (2mg IV every 10 min till pupil
dilates, max 50-100 mg)
42. • To relieve the neuromuscular blockade by
nicotinic effects, give pralidoxime, a
cholinesterase reactivator.
• Pralidoxime causes the anticholinesterase
poison to release the enzyme
acetylcholinesterase.
• Give Pralidoxime as soon as possible as if too
much time passes, the poison bond becomes
too strong (aging) for the pralidoxime to work.
• Other oximes- obidoxime, diacetylmonoxime
Editor's Notes
Nicotinic selectively activated by nicotine, Muscarinic muscarine (from a toxic mushroom)
Pehle Khao Phir Dil Lagao:
M1: GIT (gastric glands); M2: Heart; M3: in eye, Heart, Lungs (bronchus), bladder; M4, 5: CNS
Blood vessels DONOT have muscarinic innervation; whenever there is stimulation of M3 receptors, release of NO, that causes VD
Directly acting: on muscarinic receptors
Indirectly acting: increase the level of ACh at synapse
SC inj of Bethanechol in urine retention. Other ROA: oral
Methacholine: highly sensitive to myocardium