Indian Railways is the fourth largest rail network in the world. It owns and operates over 66,000 km of track and carries over 8 billion passengers and 3 million tonnes of freight daily. It is the largest employer in India with over 1.3 million employees. In recent years it has focused on increasing electrification, privatizing some routes, utilizing public-private partnerships, and transitioning to more energy efficient operations to become carbon neutral by 2030.

2. Backgroung Of Indian Railways:
 Indian railway 4th largest in world after US, Russia,& China.
 Indian railway coverage route in year 1951 was 53,596 km & in year 2015 is 66,030 km
 7400 freight train run on regular basis with 3 million tonnes per day.
 Fleet passengers train carry 8.2 billion passengers per day
 Indian railway top 10 employer in world (1.3 million staff)
 Owned and governed by ministry of railway and
government of India
 In 2015 Indian railway consist of 254,006 freight wagons,
59,713 passenger coaches and 10,822 locomotives.

3. TIER 1
•SYSTEM INTEGRATORS
•MNC,s i.e.. ALSTON,BOMBARDIER,KAWASAKI ETC.
•RETAINED HIGH VALUE ROLES OF DESIGN,ENGINEERING & SYSTEM INTEGRATION
•OPERATED CLOSE TO COMPANY HEADQUATER
TIER 2
•RESPONSIBLE FOR SPECIFIC SUB SYSTEM IE. PROPULSION SYSTEMS,CONTROL ELECTRONICS, SHELL AND
OTHER AUXILIARY SUB ASSEMBLIES.
•OEM’S INTREGRATE COMPONENT SUCH AS STEEL PLATES,FRAMES,WHEELS&BRAKES ETC AND
ASSEMBLED SUCH PART TRANSMISSION GEARS, TRACTION MOTORS .
TIER 3
•SUPPLY SPAIR PARTS AND OTHER MATERIAL TO OTHER TIERS.

4. Rail Transport Over Other Modes
 It is suitable for carrying heavy goods in large quantities over long distances
 Its operation is less affected by adverse weather conditions like rain, floods ,fog etc.
 It is relatively faster than road transport, air transport & water transport.
 It is relatively cheaper than other means of transport
 Comparatively less pollution is railway than other means of transport

5. Objectives:
• Strategy,manufacturing, pricing, risk management, contracts,
public-private partnerships and foreign direct investment.
• It deals with procurement process and identifying inefficiencies in
existing infrastructure and designing an effective pricing model to
increase operating expenditure (OPEX) utilization in heavy
industries.

6. Locomotives:
 India has electric and diesel locomotives. It is
also called as locos or engines.
 An electric locomotive is powered by
electricity from overhead lines,a third rail or
on-board energy storage such a battery or
fuel cell.
 A diesel locomotives has a diesel-electric
engine

7. Classification of locomotives:
.
Locos except the older steam
ones have unique codes to
identify them.
The code is of the form:
WDG5A- “[gauge] [power]
[load] [series] [sub type]

8. Traction systems:
A system which causes the propulsion of vehicles in which tractive or driving force is obtained from various
devices such as diesel engine drives,steam engine drives ,electric motors ect. is called the traction system.
It is of 2 types:
 Non-electric traction system
 Electric traction system.
Supply systems of electric traction :
 DC traction system
 Single phase AC traction system
 Three phase AC traction system
 Composite traction system

9. Energy consumptions in indian railway:
.

11. Madhepura locomotives:
Country’s first high-powered electric locomotive
assembled in Madhepura in Bihar.
FACTS:
 12000 HP engine.
 Max speed is 110 km per hour
 The high horsepower electric locos are
equipped with IGBT based propulsion
technology.
https://youtu.be/70Qd19Emi7A

12. IGBT based propulsion technology:
 It has three-terminal power semiconductor device
primarily used as electronic switch.
 It gives combined advantages of high efficiency and fast
switching.
 It offers greater power gain than standard bipolar
transistor combined with the higher voltage operation and
lower input losses.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
● High starting torque
● Less maintenance required
● Pollution free
● Easy supply of power
● Regenerative braking
● Economical operating cost
● High capital cost
● Less flexibility of routes
● Interference of communication lines.
● Not feasible in all regions.
● Power failure.

13. ‘MAKE IN INDIA’ a boost for Indian Railways:
 It was in 2015, our honorable prime minister Narendra
Modi launched ‘MAKE IN INDIA’ campaign, when Indian
railways got the driving force to expand its system.
 Till Aug 2014, Foreign direct investment(FDI) in railway
sector was only restricted to “mass rapid transportation
system”. However FDI got opened up to several other
sectors in railway infrastructure under the FDI policy of
government since Aug 2014 like suburban corridor
projects through PPP, high speed train projects, rolling
stock of locomotives manufacturing and maintenance
facilities etc.
 The GoI has put immense importance on manufacture
and procurement (70% of the components under “Make
in India” initiative.
Railway Locomotives and Coach
Factory of India:
• BHEL.
• Chittaranjan locomotive works
• Diesel Locomotive Works,
Varanasi.
• Diesel Loco-Modernization Works,
Patiala.
• Golden Rock Railway Workshop,
Trichy.
• Electric Locomotive Factory,
Madhepura.
• Rail Wheel Factory, Bangalore.
• Rail Coach factory, Kapurthala.
• Integral Coach Factory, Chennai.
• Modern Coach factory, Raebareli.

14. Some Foreign private investors:
Alstom manufacturing India ltd:
 The ministry of railways signed two contracts with
Alstom manufacturing India ltd for a total amount
of more than €3.7 billion
 The first contract for the supply of 800 electric
locomotives and associated maintenance.
 The second contract was to set up locomotive
factory at Madhepura, a local remote district in
Bihar, for the local production of state-of-the-art
electric locomotive with IGBT technology.

15. Joint venture (JV) with Alstom:
 Huge investment INR 200 billion(total cost of procuring locomotive) and longest contract period of 13
years.
 It was India’s largest single FDI project.
 The JV company was to design and manufacture a minimum of 1000 locomotives of 12000 HP.
 Maintenance of first 250 locomotive for the period of 13 years from the date of supply and another
250 locomotive for the period of 4 years. IR was to maintain the rest of the locomotive.
 Also as a part of the agreement , the JV company would start school to provide learnings railway
operators on functioning and maintenance of the locomotive in Saharanpur.

16. GP-140 contract:
 Procurement of 20 WAG-9 through transfer of technology(TOT) agreement from Bombardier
transportation(earlier called ABB), Switzerland to manufacture them indigenously at CLW.
 Problems Faced
 Difficulties related to Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and TOT
 Lack of training and support from OEM to Non- OEMs
 High cost of Subsystems inhibits the production of Locomotives

17. Challenges faced by IR in Operational
Expenditure
Low Production Rate
 Integrating to New technology was
time consuming process.
 Adopting emerging technology within
IR resulted in inhibiting production.
Mediation
○ There was difficulties in transfer of
Know-how and Know-why in TOT
model.
○ Servicing rolling Stock was expensive
○ Difficult for Local producers in
adapting to new technology in
accordance with Indian environment.

18. Inefficiencies
 To compensate the work capacity of a 12,000 HP
locomotive, two 6,000 HP locomotives were
coupled.
 Hence, only 59 cars were used instead of 60.
 They could pull the cars at a maximum speed of
100 kmph.
Out-dated Models
• Already we have adopted a 10-15
years old technology.
• Upgraded GTO to IGBT
• Difficult to integrate in the old models.
• Needed a total design change.
• Resulted in Sub-optimal performances

19. After Warranty Failure and Maintenance
• Five years warranty
• Periodic Overhaul
• 12 years for freight
• 6 years for Passengers loco
• IR was not equipped to deal with maintenance.
• Lack of technical Expertise
• Employees cannot develop the required skills within
the short span
• It significantly reduces the uptime of locomotives.
Industry Standard was that,
• Lifetime of a locomotive is 35 years.
• They should undergo at least 2 POHs
in their lifetime.
• Locomotive should not incur more
than one failure in a year when it
covers a distance of 1,50,000 to
2,00,000

20. What is needed..
• After Warranty maintenance for full
period (12 years or more).
• Compatible with new-age IGBT
technology
• 1,500 HP per axle
• Single 12,000 HP locomotive using 8
axles
• 60 Wagons
• Uptime of 95%
• Adequate training for local players
(Non-OEM suppliers)
• OEM as Designer and as Supervisor to
ensure design integrity.
• Reduced maintenance needs with
high performance locomotives.
What is there..
• After Warranty maintenance for 5
years.
• Compatible with GTO
• 1 HP for 1 ton of train load with up to
1000HP per axle output
• Two 6000 HP locomotives coupled
together using 12 axles
• Only 59 Wagons for a train of same
length
• Uptime of 85%
• Difficulty in dealing with maintenance
• IR as the intermediary between
technology supplier and local
manufacturers.
• High cost of Ownership

21. GLIMPSE of Railway budget 2019:
1. This model was modified and more liberalised in
2014. There are 5 models under PPP:
 Non-govt private line model
 Joint venture model
 Build, operate and transfer model
 Capacity augmentation with funding provided by
customers
 Capacity augmentation through annuity model

22. Privatization of IR:
● On July 1, 2020, the Railway Ministry announced that 151 trains in 109 pairs of routes will be
operated by private sectors.
● The private sector will invest Rs 30,000 crores
● Only the driver and guard will be railway employees; all other employees will be of the private
company, who is operating the train.
● The private companies are free to procure train and locomotives from any source of its choice.
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Infrastructure and Service
Improvement.
2. Normalized price.
3. Security Enhancement.
4. Technology integrated service
1. Limited coverage / route elimination.
2. Increase in Price.
3. Accountability issues.
4. Difficulty in privatizing operations
within railways

23. Indian Railways on the way to become GREEN by
2030:
 The Indian Ministry of Railways has announced its plans to transform Indian Railways into green railways
by 2030.
 Since 2014, Indian Railways has completed electrification of more than 40,000 route-kilometres (RKM)
 Between this year and next year, Indian Railways aims to complete electrification of 7,000RKM
 Until now, it has commissioned 100 MW of solar plants on the rooftops of different buildings, which
includes 900 stations.
 2 MW project at Diwana, Haryana, and a 50 MW project at Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, for connectivity with the
state transmission utility (STU) and central transmission utility (CTU), respectively, are in progres

24. Thank You!..