Travel behavior refers to the study of how and why people travel. It examines factors like transportation choices, popular destinations, reasons for travel, and environmental impacts. Key questions studied include how many trips people take, where they go, what mode of transportation they use, who they travel with, when they travel, and their travel patterns and routes. Travel surveys using diaries are a common way to collect this data. The data is then used for transportation planning and forecasting traffic. Travel behavior has been studied since the 1940s and focuses on topics like mode choice, time-space analysis, and differences in travel patterns between genders and household structures. An intelligent tourist destination is innovative, has strong technological infrastructure to understand customers, and focuses on

1. HOLIDAY CHOICE

2. Presented By:
Md. Shaifullar Rabbi
BBA & MBA (Major inTHM,FBS,DU)
Coordinator & Lecturer
Dept. ofTourism & Hospitality Management
Daffodil Institute of IT(NU)

3. WHAT ISTRAVEL BEHAVIOR?
Travel behavior refers to a concise and purposeful
study or analysis of various aspects of travel by
people. The scope of this type of study is quite huge
and the dimensions are many, it all depends on the
particular information that the analyst is trying to
obtain through the process of the study. Travel
behavior can be used for purposes like finding out
which type of transportation people favor most,
the reasons why they prefer that mode of
transport, the most popular destinations, and the
reason why people travel there. An example of a
travel analysis is one that is conducted by the
officials of a city in order to find out the mode of
transportation that the members of the
community use the most.

4. QUESTIONS STUDIED
The questions studied in travel behavior are broad, and are probed through activity and time-use research studies, and
surveys of travelers designed to reveal attitudes, behaviors and the gaps between them in relation to the sociological
and environmental impacts of travel.
 How many trips do people make?
 Where do they go? (What is the destination?
 What mode do they take?
 Who accompanies whom?
 When is the trip made?What is the schedule?
 What is the sequence or pattern of trips?
 What route choices do people make?
 Why do people travel? (Why can't people stay at home and telecommute or teleshop?)
 To what degree are people aware of the environmental and climate impacts of their travel choices?
 To what degree and how do people rationalize the environmental and climate impacts causes by their travel?
 Where changes in travel behavior would be beneficial to society, how might those changes be promoted?
Other behavioral aspects of traveling, such as letting people get off before entering a vehicle, queueing behavior, etc.

5. DATA
These questions can be answered descriptively
using a travel diary, often part of a travel
survey or travel behavior inventory. Large
metropolitan areas typically only do such
surveys once every decade, though some cities
are conducting panel surveys, which track the
same people year after year. Such repeated
surveys are useful because they yield different
answers than surveys at a single point in time.
That data is generally used to
estimate transportation planning models, so
that transport analysts can make predictions
about people who haven't been surveyed. This is
important in forecasting traffic, which depends
on future changes to road networks, land use
patterns, and policies.

6. TRAVEL BEHAVIOR AND ACTIVITY ANALYSIS
Analysis of travel behavior from the home can
answer the question: How does the family
participate in modern society. Consider two non-
observable extremes. At one extreme we have the
non-specialized household. It does everything for
itself, and no travel is required. Ultimate
specialization is the other extreme; travel is
required for all things. Observed households are
somewhere in between. The “in between” position
of households might be thought of as the
consequence of two matters.
 There is social and economic structure – the
organization of society. To participate in this
society, the household specializes its occupations,
education, social activities, etc.
 The extent to which members of the household
specialize turns on their attributes and resources.

7. HISTORY OFTRAVEL BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
Analytic work on travel behavior can be dated from Liepmann (1945). Liepmann
obtained and analyzed 1930s data on worker travel in England. Many of the insights
current today were found by Liepmann: time spent, ride sharing, etc. Most academics
date modern work from advances in mode choice analysis made in the 1970s. This
created much excitement, and after some years an International Association for
Travel Behavior Research emerged. There are about 150 members of the
Association; it holds a conference every three years. The proceedings of those
conferences yield a nice record of advances in the field. The proceedings also provide
a record of topics of lasting interest and of changing priorities. Mode choice received
priority early on, but in the main today’s work is not so much on theory as it is on
practice. Hager strand (1970) developed a time and space path analysis, often called
the time-space prism.

8. GENDER DIFFERENCE INTRAVEL PATTERNS
On November 18–20, 2004, Transportation Research Board (TRB) held
its third conference in Chicago, Illinois, with an interest in advancing the
understanding of women’s issues in transportation. One of the
presented studies, conducted by Nobbs et al.,revealed that the gender
difference in travel patterns is linked to employment status, household
structure, child care, and maintenance tasks. They found that travel
patterns of men and women are much similar when considering single
families; the differences are greater once males and females are
compared in multi-person households without children; and are the
highest once they live in households with children. Over the past two
decades’ numerous studies have been conducted on travel behavior
showing gender as an influential factor in travel decision making.

9. CONSUMER DECISION-MAKING PROCESS
The consumer decision-making process is the way in
which your customers identify their wants and needs,
research solutions for their needs, and make a decision
to purchase. This process also includes periods of
consideration and post-purchase evaluation. Both in its
definition and in practice, the consumer decision-
making process is often quite logical. As an ecommerce
business owner, you have the powerful opportunity to
leverage the logical elements of this process to your
benefit.

11. THE FIVE STAGES OFTHE CONSUMER
DECISION-MAKING PROCESS
The consumer decision-making process — or customer journey — may
go by many titles, but, no matter what you call it, the process includes
five steps. To build strong customer connections, it is important to
maximize your influence in each step.
1.Awareness
2. Research
3. Consideration
4. Purchasing decision
5. Evaluation

12. 1.AWARENESS
The consumer initiates the first step of the
decision-making process when they
become aware of their need or want for a
particular product or service. This can be
brought about by emotional needs like
hunger, illness, or sadness, or by an
external factor like an effective blog or the
smell of a familiar food. Between external
and internal stimuli, the consumer’s need
is born. Once realized, the consumer’s
desire drives them to seek out a brand
that can provide the service or product
they need. This step is vital because it
provides you with your first opportunity to
connect with the customer.

13. 2. RESEARCH
It is imperative that, when the customer seeks
out a solution to their newfound need, you are
a readily available answer. This stage includes
seeking out businesses and conducting research
on products and services. Your opportunity in
this stage lies in being as visible as possible
wherever your customers will look. To make the
most of this stage, make use of tools like:
 Search Engine Optimization
 Google ads
 Social media ads
 A strong social media presence

14. 3. CONSIDERATION
During this stage, consumers are considering factors such as:
 The quality of your product. How do your features compare with
competitors? Will the customer be making a wise investment by purchasing your
product?
 The price of your product. Have you priced your service or product at a
competitive rate? Is the investment worth the reward?
 Their user experience. How easy is it to find information and make a
purchase? How easy is it to receive the product? How difficult is it to return?
 Their connection with your brand. How is your audience connecting with
your brand? How can you deepen brand loyalty with existing customers by
leaning into your brand? How do you keep customers excited about your brand?

15. 4. PURCHASING DECISION
In this stage, the consumer is initiating
their purchase. However, customers
still abandon businesses in this late
stage! Here, it is important that you
develop an easy-to-use online store
that ushers the consumer through the
process without stress. The goal is to
encourage the shopper to see their
purchase through to its conclusion, at
which point you have
successfully converted a potential
customer into a paying one! While this
may seem like the most important
step, the ones leading up to it lay the
vital foundation.

16. 5. EVALUATION
Once the consumer has made a purchase,
they will evaluate their new product. This
is a critical period in which they will either
form a lasting connection with your brand
or move on from it. Encourage recent
customers with email campaigns and
discounts to incentivize returning to your
store. Beyond this, the evaluation stage is
the perfect time to nudge your customers
to provide you with a positive review.
The power of listings and reviews is
undeniable — they can be essential for
drawing new customers to your brand
during the research phase.

17. HOW CANYOU IMPACTTHE
DECISION-MAKING PROCESS?
Throughout the decision-making process, you have the opportunity to deeply
impact your consumer. Constant Contact offers marketing tools that can help you
make the most of your new understanding of the consumer decision-making
process.These include:
 Ads: When your customer begins their journey, it is essential that you appear in
their initial solution searches. Make use of Google Ads, social media ads, and SEO
to ensure you are visible to important members of your niche audience.
 Branded email templates: Consider which elements of your brand your customers
respond to most clearly. Elevate this branding, and use Constant Contact’s
branded templates to easily create consistent and polished correspondence.
 Automated emails: Especially during the research phase — or with an abandoned
cart during the purchasing phase — automated emails can help you reconnect and
sway hesitant customers.

18.  1. Audience segmentation: When paired with customer data, this powerful tool can help
you personalize your messaging to undecided customers. Easily tailor content and send it
to the customers who will find it most valuable. You can use segmentation to target
customers who have made specific types of purchases.
2. Email tracking: Email and social media analytics help you keep a pulse on how
active and engaged your customers are. Remember, beyond the evaluation stage, it is
your goal to keep shoppers interested in your brand.
3. Website building: The website-building tool makes it easy to create impactful
websites that make online shopping easy for your customers. Easy-to-use portals and
websites can help you retain happy customers.
4. Social media engagement: Use social media campaigns to keep loyal customers
and fans involved in your brand. Social media can yield repeat customers, powerful
word-of-mouth recommendations, and trusted reviews.
To convert a paying customer into a brand advocate, it is essential to nurture a long-
term relationship that is built on trust and engagement. Use online tools during
every step of the consumer decision process to connect with customers from the
beginning.

19. TOURIST ATTRACTION
A tourist attraction is a place of interest where tourists visit,
typically for its inherent or an exhibited natural or cultural
value, historical significance, natural or built beauty, offering
leisure and amusement. Places of natural beauty such
as beaches, tropical island resorts,
national parks, mountains, deserts and forests, are examples of
traditional tourist attractions which people may visit. Cultural
tourist attractions can include historical places, monuments,
ancient temples, zoos, aquaria, museums and art
galleries, botanical gardens, buildings and structures (such
as forts, castles, libraries,
former prisons, skyscrapers, bridges), theme
parks and carnivals, living history museums, public
art (sculptures, statues, murals), ethnic
enclave communities, historic trains and cultural events.
Factory tours, industrial heritage, creative art and crafts
workshops are the object of cultural niches like industrial
tourism and creative tourism. Many tourist attractions are
also landmarks. But sports events such as a soccer game,
Formula 1 race or sailing regatta can also attract tourists.

20. TOURISM DESTINATION
A tourist destination is a geographical location which has the necessary components to attract
tourists and meet their needs (M. Djurica & N. Djurica 2010, Pearce 1992). A tourist destination
comprises of different components which are characterized as the 4 As (Cooper et al. 2000). The 4
A’S are classified as follows (Cooper et al. 2000):
 Attractions which motivate tourist to visit the destination and consist of the artificial as well as
natural features or events.
 Amenities which include a range of supporting facilities and services like accommodation, food,
entertainment and recreation which are required by tourists at the destination.
 Access in terms of development and maintenance of transport which provides the link to the
tourist destination as well as the tourist attractions at the destination.
 Ancillary services which are provided to customers and industry by the destination through a local
tourist board.
The destination must make use of its abilities, resources and opportunities from the environment in
order to create the maximum value and therefore be successful. The tourist destination can meet
the needs of its consumers better than its competitors by analyzing the marketing environment (M.
Djurica & N. Djurica 2010).

22. DESTINATION IMAGE
According to Gunn (1972) destination
images consist of 3 stages: Organic,
induced and modified induced images.
Organic images consist of information
about a destination such as newspapers,
books and radio which are developed over
a long period of time (Jenkins 1999).
Induced images are formed through a
destination marketing program such as
magazines and brochures in order to
attract tourists. The induced image can be
modified through the actual experience of
the tourist at the destination it is
therefore considered as being modified
induced images.

23. DESTINATION CATEGORIES
Five Destination Groupings
 The most common is the centered destination - the traditional holiday where tourists travel to
a destination where they expect to spend the majority of their time, perhaps with occasional
excursions to nearby attractions. Can you find two other centered destinations and write a
paragraph on each eg. what they have to offer.
 The base destination - from where the surrounding region can be explored. Can you find another
two base destinations in the USA and write a paragraph explaining what they have to offer in and
around them?
 Multicenter holidays, where two or more destinations are of equal importance on the itinerary
 The touring destinations, which will be part of a linear itinerary. Or a little closer to home Great
Ocean Road. In groups choose an attraction from the reading and describe it as if you were a travel
agent selling to a client. Then answer the who, what, where, why and how questions regarding the
Twelve Apostles. Find another two linear tours you would like to take somewhere in the world.
 The transit destinations, these are the stopovers en-route to the final destination. Travelers from
New Zealand to the UK have quite a few stopover choices. Can you write a paragraph about
another two transit destinations frequently used by airlines travelling from New Zealand to the UK?

24. DESTINATIONS CAN BE CATEGORIZED
BY GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
Urban Tourism: A growing interest in cultural activities eg. theatres, museums, and art galleries, as
well as in historical and modern architecture, combined with the appeal of shopping as a leisure
activity has seen Sydney prosper as a short break urban destination.Cityscapes including a clearly
defined center, well-established shopping and entertainment districts, parks and recreations are an
important element for tourists when choosing a quick break getaway destination.
Coastal and Resort Tourism: The stereotypical tourism environment - sand, sea and surf. Whether its
sitting in a deckchair or lying on the beach, watching the sea or taking part in more physically active
watersports - surfing, windsurfing, snorkeling/scuba diving this form of tourism remains popular.
Rural Tourism: The countryside offers a different holiday experience from urban or coastal tourism.
Although admired by artists for many centuries, the widespread appeal of country/rural areas is of
relatively recent origin. Rural Tourism encompasses a huge range of activities, natural or manmade
attractions, amenities and facilities, transportation, marketing and information systems (Sharpley &
Sharpley, 1997). Rural tourism is very diverse and fragmented in terms of operational structures,
activities, markets and operating environments (Roberts & Hall, 2001, citing Pearce, 1989). Benefits
of rural tourism have been expressed as employment growth and broadening a regions economic
base, repopulation, social improvement, and revitalization of local craft (Sharpley, 2000).

25. WHAT CHARACTERISTICS DOES AN
INTELLIGENTTOURIST DESTINATION HAVE?
1.Innovative: Not only from a technological perspective, but starting from the need for a new
governance. For example, establishing new relationships between the public and private sectors, between
residents and visitors, or applying new participatory methodologies.
2. Technological infrastructure: The application of intelligent solutions such as the Big Dara makes it
possible to know the customer and the environment in which he moves much better, offering them
higher-quality, personalized products and services. In addition, at a time like today where person-to-
person contact should be minimal and coordination between sectors maximum, new technologies will be
very necessary.
3. Sustainable development: The challenge of sustainable development lies in guaranteeing a balance
between economic growth (which has more to do with the carrying capacity of the territories than with
constant growth), preservation of the environment and respect for cultural integrity in order to achieve a
fairer, more diverse and respectful tourist activity with the territory and the people who inhabit it.
4. Universal Accessibility: Tourism and leisure are basic elements of daily life in our society, which,however,
many people, due to disability, age, pregnancy, illness or other reasons, cannot access or do so with great
difficulties. Smart tourist destinations must direct their efforts to adapt infrastructures, equipment and
services, and reduce architectural barriers.As well as improving accessibility to information by all groups.
6. Interaction and integration of the visitor with the environment: The concept of smart destination
makes it possible for the visitor to feel welcomed and integrated into the environment in which they
move, and with a greater ability to interact with residents. You not only come to visit, but you want to
know the reality of the people who inhabit it and get unique and real experiences.

26. 6. Quality experiences: The visitor, in the center. The tourism industry is evolving at a dizzying pace
to adapt to a new profile of tourists: the hyper connected and interactive traveler seeking products,
services and comprehensive, flexible and personalized experiences. The journey no longer begins at
the airport, but much earlier, with inspiration. And it ends with memories and shared
satisfaction. Smart tourist destinations must accompany the visitor in the three phases of the trip,
making it a complete and quality experience from start to finish. How?
 Inspiration phase (before the trip): offer texts, photos, videos, audios, infographics, maps … A large
amount of data in different formats perfectly structured on destinations, products and services to
participate as actively as possible in the tourist’s choice . An example of how to talk about a
destination in an innovative and inspiring format is the Story Map developed by ESRI, one of our
partners, to present Madrid’s candidacy as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
 Smart decisions (during the trip): Hyper connectivity through new technologies, applications and
platforms makes the tourist experience much easier and more flexible. The traveler interacts with
suppliers, tourist destination services and other connected tourists at all times, allowing them to
make smarter decisions on the ground. In addition, new virtual reality technologies allow
destinations to offer unique experiences, unimaginable a few years ago. An example is Holavr,
which allows shared virtual reality experiences for groups of friends or families.
 Shared satisfaction (after the trip): Where, how and who talks about tourist destinations and their
services? The main challenge for companies and destinations is to know the degree of satisfaction
of tourists in order to apply continuous improvement systems and develop new loyalty
mechanisms.
7. Improves the quality of life of the resident: The resident community constitutes a very important
value on which the other components of the tourist territory must revolve. Excellence in the Smart
Tourist Destination is achieved only if the tourism project is shared and supported by the
community, endowing it with its idiosyncrasy and its particularities.

27. DESTINATION ATTRACTIVENESS
Pearson (1979) defined destination
attractiveness as the degree to which the
destination meets the expectation of its visitors
in terms of food and accommodation, natural
beauty, cultural richness, recreational
opportunities and other amenities.
Attractiveness is the summation of impressions,
ideas and beliefs about destinations based on
information from various sources (MacKay and
Fesenmaier 1997). Attraction is the ability of a
destination to deliver individual benefits and
according to Gunn (1994) it constitutes the
vitalizing power of the tourism system. Ferrario
(1979) highlights the fact that there are factors
which cannot be classified as attractions but
which plays a vital role in the attractiveness of a
destination such as the exchange rate, political
stability and infrastructures.

28. DESTINATION SERVICES ANDTOURISTS’ SATISFACTION
As a hospitality business leader, or destination management
professional, what do you need to know about tourism? Does it help
you to know where tourists go most and how much money that adds to
the economy? Maybe so, but the most important factors for your
business are what pleases tourists the most and what makes them
grow your business as satisfied customers. The steady growth of
tourism reflects an important evolution in human economic and
leisure activities and this is how it is currently measured: “It is one of
the world's largest and fastest-growing economic sectors, supporting
one in 10 jobs (319 million) worldwide and generating 10.4% of world
GD.” (WTTC 2019)

29. TOURISM SATISFACTION AND WELL-BEING
Dr. Gang Li began building his index to determine how to best measure tourism
satisfaction, and whether or not tourism is good for people. As he pointed out, the
pursuit of happiness is a major focus of people’s lives and also of indices, these days.
Measuring tourism satisfaction is important for several reasons, outlined in Dr. Li’s
presentation:
 Satisfied tourists stay longer, spend more and come back
 They promote the provider on social media and online ratings, thereby
contributing to business and destination competitiveness
 They bring friends and family on their next visit
 Satisfaction with vacation time impacts their overall quality of life
 Tourism is about consuming an unknown product in unfamiliar surroundings, and
is classified as an “export” in economic terms

30. HOWTO MEASURETOURISM SATISFACTION?
In order to correctly measure tourism satisfaction, Dr. Li considered many factors which could be
evaluated by collecting the responses of tourists after their experience, using questionnaires or
interviews. Some of the key elements were:
 Expectations versus reality: subjects must be asked what they expected and how that expectation
was met or not
 Satisfaction must be measured for every part of the experience: Transportation, Immigration,
Accommodation, Food & Beverage, Feature Experiences
 The data must include personal factors such as age and gender
 Capturing the data must be done quickly at the end of the experience, as a feeling of satisfaction or
an intention to log a complaint may fade with time
As Dr. Li explained, “Destination Management Organizations, tour operators and amusement parks
may be interested in this data because if we can identify what makes a tourist have a good
experience, then they can direct their energy to improve the most important aspects for tourists
and thereby improve the overall reputation of the destination or provider.”

31. FOUR KEYSTO A HAPPYTOURIST
Using these methods to evaluate a tourism experience in South Africa, Dr. Li came to some
conclusions about the results:
 High-cost experiences generally equal less happiness because the product does not seem to be
worth the cost
 High-quality experiences make people happy and often feature interactive and interpersonal
experiences, sensory experiences (touch, taste, smell, etc.) and humorous, fun or exciting activities
and people (guides, staff)
 Any disagreement or complaint makes a negative overall impact, so providers must be on the
lookout for signs of dissatisfaction and identify and correct problem areas in their service or product
 Good tourism experiences create well-being that spills over into other areas of life. Therefore, it is
not unfair to market tourism as something that changes and shapes one’s life, but the experience
has to live up to the expectations
In the end, the index system is a first experiment in measuring tourism satisfaction, and this study
creates a solid framework for further work. These findings give a good idea of where the emphasis
should go for measuring satisfaction for destinations and tourism-facing business.

32. THE FUTURE OF DESTINATION MANAGEMENT
According to Dr. Li, the future of
destination management is going to play
out in three main areas: smart cities,
personalized or targeted guest
experiences and a better cohabitation
between tourists and local people. He
said, “I’ve seen a lot of research and
effort going into creating smart cities. In
China, they are working on making
several of the most visited cities smart
cities. They are making it possible to
gather the data about where people are,
what they are doing, automating some
alerts and increasing services in response
to high or low demand. This technology is
already within our reach and through the
mobile phones, we can know where
people are, in what concentration.”

33. BRIDGINGTHE GAP FROM RESEARCH TO APPLICATION
At the end of his presentation, Dr. Li was
humble about the implications of his
research, he said, “As an academic, I can say
that we focus first on getting the data right
and making a reliable system, making sure it
works, we don’t often have time to reach out
the industry professionals to encourage
them to adopt the framework. We need a
bridge, people to take the learnings and
adapt it to a professional level. The industry
can’t use our research findings alone, they
need interpretation and adaptation for their
region. For example, a provider or hotel in
one city or region may not be able to apply
the learnings from another region. This is
why indices are useful, if they work, then
they can be applied to other projects in the
industry for benchmarking purposes.”

34. THANKYOU