Climate System

CLIMATE SYSTEMCLIMATE SYSTEM
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Climate SystemClimate System
• The AtmosphereThe Atmosphere
(Gases , Cloud and Aerosol)(Gases , Cloud and Aerosol)
• The CryosphereThe Cryosphere
(Ice and Snow)(Ice and Snow)
• The HydrosphereThe Hydrosphere
(Oceans, Lakes, and Rivers)(Oceans, Lakes, and Rivers)
• The LithosphereThe Lithosphere
(Soil and Rock layers)(Soil and Rock layers)
• The BiosphereThe Biosphere
(Living organisms : Plants and Animal)(Living organisms : Plants and Animal)
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The Major Constituent Elements of the AtmosphereThe Major Constituent Elements of the Atmosphere
The Minor Constituent Elements of the AtmosphereThe Minor Constituent Elements of the Atmosphere
• Nitrogen comprises 78% of air by volumeNitrogen comprises 78% of air by volume
• Oxygen comprises 21% of air by volumeOxygen comprises 21% of air by volume
• Argon comprises 0.9%Argon comprises 0.9%
• Carbon dioxide (0.03% or 300 ppmv)Carbon dioxide (0.03% or 300 ppmv)
• Neon (0.002% or 20 ppmvNeon (0.002% or 20 ppmv
• Helium (5 ppmv)Helium (5 ppmv)
• Methane (1.7ppmv)Methane (1.7ppmv) • Uploaded by:Uploaded by: mbbshelp.commbbshelp.com

1000 meters1000 meters 1 meter1 meter 1000 micrometers1000 micrometers 1 micrometers1 micrometers 0.001 micrometers0.001 micrometers
Long radio wavesLong radio waves
0.70.7
X raysX rays Gamma raysGamma rays
UltravioletUltraviolet
Visible lightVisible light
InfraredInfrared
MicrowavesMicrowaves
Short-wave radioShort-wave radio
Long-wave radiationLong-wave radiation Short- wave radiationShort- wave radiation
Standard AM radioStandard AM radio
Electromagnetic SpectrumElectromagnetic Spectrum
Wavelength and Various type of RadiationWavelength and Various type of Radiation
0.50.5 0.40.40.60.6

The atmosphere is only transparent for:The atmosphere is only transparent for:
• Visible Light (0.4-0.7 ) cm x 10Visible Light (0.4-0.7 ) cm x 10 -4-4
• Ultra Violet (UV)Ultra Violet (UV)
• UV AUV A (325-400 nm)(325-400 nm)
• UV BUV B (280 and 325 nm )(280 and 325 nm )
• UV CUV C ( wavelengths shorter than 280 nm )( wavelengths shorter than 280 nm )
•Infrared (IR) RadiationInfrared (IR) Radiation..
Earth Radiation BudgetEarth Radiation Budget

Esun = AEsun + Eatm + (1-Asfc)EsfcEsun = AEsun + Eatm + (1-Asfc)Esfc
WhereWhere
Esun = Incident Solar RadiationEsun = Incident Solar Radiation
A = Albedo of TOA (Top of Atmosphere)A = Albedo of TOA (Top of Atmosphere)
Eatm = Energy of Absorbed in AtmosphereEatm = Energy of Absorbed in Atmosphere
Esfc = Downward Irradiance at SurfaceEsfc = Downward Irradiance at Surface
Asfc = Surface AlbedoAsfc = Surface Albedo
Sun Deposits = 342 Watts ~ 4.4 10Sun Deposits = 342 Watts ~ 4.4 101616
Watts of PowerWatts of Power
31 % Reflective back
235 W/m2

VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHEREVERTICAL STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE

Naturally occurring greenhouse gases include:
• Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide
• Nitrous OxideNitrous Oxide
• MethaneMethane
• Water VapourWater Vapour
• OzoneOzone
What are greenhouse gases?What are greenhouse gases?
• Hydrofluoro Carbons (Hfcs)Hydrofluoro Carbons (Hfcs)
• Perfluorocarbons (Pfcs)Perfluorocarbons (Pfcs)
• Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)
Gases that are not naturally occurring

Chemical IndustryChemical Industry
ApplicationApplication
AgricultureAgricultureDeforestationDeforestation
CO2 and otherCO2 and other
trace gasestrace gases
Fertilizing: NFertilizing: N22O, riceO, rice
cultivation,CHcultivation,CH44 cattle owning:cattle owning:
CHCH44 waste disposalwaste disposal
Fluorcarbons,Fluorcarbons,
Halocarbons (CFC, SF6)Halocarbons (CFC, SF6)
Energy ConsumptionEnergy Consumption
COCO22,NO,NO22,CO, CH,CO, CH44
Sources of all World-Wide emitted GHGsSources of all World-Wide emitted GHGs
15%15%50%50% 20%20% 15%15%
Emission of GHGsEmission of GHGs

Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide
releases from the Earth’s Interior viareleases from the Earth’s Interior via
• Volcanic EruptionsVolcanic Eruptions
• RespirationRespiration
• Soil ProcessesSoil Processes
• Combustion of carbon compounds andCombustion of carbon compounds and
• Oceanic EvaporationOceanic Evaporation
releases by the man-madereleases by the man-made
Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)
for (industrial purposes, transportation,for (industrial purposes, transportation,
heating/cooling of buildings& deforestation. )heating/cooling of buildings& deforestation. )

A “sink” is any process that removes CO2 from the atmosphere andA “sink” is any process that removes CO2 from the atmosphere and
stores it:stores it:
What is a carbon sink?What is a carbon sink?
• Forests and agricultural soils can act as carbon sinks.Forests and agricultural soils can act as carbon sinks.
• Plants absorb CO2 from the atmosphere through the process ofPlants absorb CO2 from the atmosphere through the process of
photosynthesis. The CO2 is stored in the plant tissue.photosynthesis. The CO2 is stored in the plant tissue.
• Agricultural soils can act as a sink when CO2 removed from theAgricultural soils can act as a sink when CO2 removed from the
atmosphere by crops is stored in the roots. When the plant dies,atmosphere by crops is stored in the roots. When the plant dies,
some proportion of the plant tissue remains in the soil and issome proportion of the plant tissue remains in the soil and is
transformed into soil organic matter.transformed into soil organic matter.

Sinks of Atmospheric Carbon COSinks of Atmospheric Carbon CO22
•Surface OceanSurface Ocean
• primary productivity of landprimary productivity of land
vegetation (photosynthesis), whichvegetation (photosynthesis), which
sequesters 61.4Gt carbon every yearsequesters 61.4Gt carbon every year
(Schimel(Schimel et alet al., 1995)., 1995)
Anthropogenic Sink of COAnthropogenic Sink of CO22
Natural Sink of CONatural Sink of CO22
• Re-growth of forestsRe-growth of forests

Methane (CHMethane (CH44) is another greenhouse gas, and is) is another greenhouse gas, and is
produced primarily by anaerobic (oxygen-deficient)produced primarily by anaerobic (oxygen-deficient)
processes such as the cultivation of rice paddies orprocesses such as the cultivation of rice paddies or
animal digestion. It is destroyed in the loweranimal digestion. It is destroyed in the lower
atmosphere (troposphere) by reactions with freeatmosphere (troposphere) by reactions with free
hydroxyl radicals (OH):hydroxyl radicals (OH):
CH4 + OH CHCH4 + OH CH33 + H+ H22OO
Like COLike CO22, its concentration in the atmosphere is, its concentration in the atmosphere is
increasing due to anthropogenic activities such asincreasing due to anthropogenic activities such as
agricultural practices and landfills (Pratheragricultural practices and landfills (Prather et alet al.,.,
1995).1995).
MethaneMethane

Sources of Atmospheric MethaneSources of Atmospheric Methane
Naturally SourcesNaturally Sources
- Natural Wetland (115Mt/a)Natural Wetland (115Mt/a)
-- Termites (20 Mt/a)Termites (20 Mt/a)
-- Oceans (10 Mt/a)Oceans (10 Mt/a)
Anthropogenic SourcesAnthropogenic Sources
- Mining and Burning of Fossil Fuels (100 Mt/a )Mining and Burning of Fossil Fuels (100 Mt/a )
-- Enteric Fermentation in ruminant animals (85 Mt/a)Enteric Fermentation in ruminant animals (85 Mt/a)
-- Rice paddies (60 Mt/a)Rice paddies (60 Mt/a)
-- Biomass burning (40 Mt/a) Landfills (40 Mt/a)Biomass burning (40 Mt/a) Landfills (40 Mt/a)
-- Waste (50Mt/a)Waste (50Mt/a)

Sinks of Atmospheric MethaneSinks of Atmospheric Methane
• Chemical reaction with hydroxyl radicals (OH) in theChemical reaction with hydroxyl radicals (OH) in the
tropospheretroposphere
• Stratospheric removal (again by reaction with OH) (40Stratospheric removal (again by reaction with OH) (40
Mt/a) and consumption by microbial communities in theMt/a) and consumption by microbial communities in the
upper soils (30 Mt/a)upper soils (30 Mt/a)
• Total Methane Sinks (515 Mt/a)Total Methane Sinks (515 Mt/a)

Nitrous oxide (NNitrous oxide (N22O)O)
released byreleased by
• Chemical fertilizersChemical fertilizers
• Burning of fossil fuels,Burning of fossil fuels,
• Biomass burning.Biomass burning.
• Coal combustionCoal combustion
• Industrial combustionIndustrial combustion
• Vehicle exhaustsVehicle exhausts

Source of Atmospheric Nitrous OxideSource of Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide
• Tropical Soils (4Mt/a) nitrogenTropical Soils (4Mt/a) nitrogen
(75% from wet forests soils and 25% from dry(75% from wet forests soils and 25% from dry
savannahs )savannahs )
• Temperate soil sources (2Mt/a)Temperate soil sources (2Mt/a)
(including forest soils and grasslands)(including forest soils and grasslands)
• Earth Ocean (3Mt/a)Earth Ocean (3Mt/a)
NaturalNatural
AnthropogenicAnthropogenic
• Cultivated SoilsCultivated Soils
• Biomass BurningBiomass Burning
• Industrial SourceIndustrial Source
(5.7 Mt/a)(5.7 Mt/a)
Total source emissions (natural and anthropogenic) are currently estimated
at 14.7 Mt/a (3.5 Mt/a)
Source IPCC: 1995
Sinks of Atmospheric Nitrous OxideSinks of Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide
•Stratospheric photo dissociation and photo-oxidation
Estimated at 12.3 Mt/a (±3.5 Mt/a).

Halocarbons include:Halocarbons include:
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
• Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
• MethylhalidesMethylhalides
• Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)
• Carbon Tetrafluoride (CF4)Carbon Tetrafluoride (CF4)
• Halons (bromide species)Halons (bromide species)

Source of HalocarbonsSource of Halocarbons
CFCs and HCFCs are anthropogenic and do not exist naturallyCFCs and HCFCs are anthropogenic and do not exist naturally
Used as:Used as:
• Propellants in AerosolsPropellants in Aerosols
• Blowing agents in the foam manufacture in air conditioning unitsBlowing agents in the foam manufacture in air conditioning units
• Refrigerants (CDIAC, 1991, 1993)Refrigerants (CDIAC, 1991, 1993)
Methylhalides are produce in the oceans usually associated withMethylhalides are produce in the oceans usually associated with
algal growth. Significant fraction may come from biomass burning.algal growth. Significant fraction may come from biomass burning.

Sinks of HalocarbonsSinks of Halocarbons
Fully halogenated halocarbons are destroyedFully halogenated halocarbons are destroyed
primarily by photodissociation and photo-oxidation inprimarily by photodissociation and photo-oxidation in
the stratosphere but because of their relativethe stratosphere but because of their relative
inertness, remain in the atmosphere for long periodsinertness, remain in the atmosphere for long periods
of time. Hydrogen-bearing halocarbons, such as theof time. Hydrogen-bearing halocarbons, such as the
methylhalides and HCFCs are removed from themethylhalides and HCFCs are removed from the
troposphere mainly by reaction with OH, but alsotroposphere mainly by reaction with OH, but also
NO3. Some of these gases are, to a greater or lessNO3. Some of these gases are, to a greater or less
extent, removed by the ocean, presumably inextent, removed by the ocean, presumably in
hydrolysis reactions (Butlerhydrolysis reactions (Butler et alet al., 1991).., 1991).
Atmospheric adjustment times are shorter than forAtmospheric adjustment times are shorter than for
the fully halogenated species.the fully halogenated species.

Impacts on Water ResourcesImpacts on Water Resources
HydroPowerHydroPower
Changes in the flows of rivers wouldChanges in the flows of rivers would
have a direct impact on the amount ofhave a direct impact on the amount of
hydropower generated, becausehydropower generated, because
hydropower production decreases withhydropower production decreases with
lower flows.lower flows.
Impacts of Climate ChangeImpacts of Climate Change

Increased river flows and higher temperaturesIncreased river flows and higher temperatures
could harm the water quality of the nation's rivers,could harm the water quality of the nation's rivers,
bays, and lakes. In areas where river flowsbays, and lakes. In areas where river flows
decrease, pollution concentrations will rise becausedecrease, pollution concentrations will rise because
there will be less water to dilute the pollutants.there will be less water to dilute the pollutants.
Increased frequency of severe rainstorms couldIncreased frequency of severe rainstorms could
increase the amount of chemicals that run off fromincrease the amount of chemicals that run off from
farms, lawns, and streets into the nations rivers,farms, lawns, and streets into the nations rivers,
lakes, and bays.lakes, and bays.
Environmental Quality and RecreationEnvironmental Quality and Recreation
Flood ControlFlood Control
Global climate change could also change the frequencyGlobal climate change could also change the frequency
and severity of inland flooding, particularly alongand severity of inland flooding, particularly along
rivers.rivers.

NavigationNavigation
Climate change could impair navigation byClimate change could impair navigation by
changing average water levels in rivers andchanging average water levels in rivers and
lakes, increasing the frequency of both floodslakes, increasing the frequency of both floods
during which navigation is hazardous andduring which navigation is hazardous and
droughts during which passage is difficult, anddroughts during which passage is difficult, and
necessitating changes in navigationalnecessitating changes in navigational
infrastructure. On the other hand, warmerinfrastructure. On the other hand, warmer
temperatures could extend the ice-free season.temperatures could extend the ice-free season.
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Human HealthHuman Health
Throughout the world, the prevalence ofThroughout the world, the prevalence of
particular diseases and other threats toparticular diseases and other threats to
human health depend largely on localhuman health depend largely on local
climate. Extreme temperatures canclimate. Extreme temperatures can
directly cause the loss of life. Moreover,directly cause the loss of life. Moreover,
several serious diseases only appear inseveral serious diseases only appear in
warm areas. Finally, warm temperatureswarm areas. Finally, warm temperatures
can increase air and water pollution,can increase air and water pollution,
which in turn harm human health.which in turn harm human health.

The most direct effect of climate changeThe most direct effect of climate change
would be the impacts of hotter temperatureswould be the impacts of hotter temperatures
• Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
• ““Vector-Borne" diseases include malaria,Vector-Borne" diseases include malaria,
dengue fever, yellow fever, and encephalitis.dengue fever, yellow fever, and encephalitis.
• Ozone damages lung tissue, and causes particularOzone damages lung tissue, and causes particular
problems for people with asthma and other lungproblems for people with asthma and other lung
diseasesdiseases
• Heat exhaustion and some respiratory problems increaseHeat exhaustion and some respiratory problems increase

Global climate change poses a number of potential risks toGlobal climate change poses a number of potential risks to
mountain habitatsmountain habitats
Mountain RegionsMountain Regions
Changes in the depth of mountain snowpacksChanges in the depth of mountain snowpacks
and glaciers, and changes in their seasonaland glaciers, and changes in their seasonal
melting, can have powerful impacts on areasmelting, can have powerful impacts on areas
that rely on freshwater runoff from mountains.that rely on freshwater runoff from mountains.
Rising temperatures may cause snow to meltRising temperatures may cause snow to melt
earlier and faster in the spring, shifting theearlier and faster in the spring, shifting the
timing and distribution of runoff. Thesetiming and distribution of runoff. These
changes could affect the availability ofchanges could affect the availability of
freshwater for natural systems and humanfreshwater for natural systems and human
uses, such as agriculture.uses, such as agriculture.

Increase of CO2 in the Air:Increase of CO2 in the Air:
• 265-285 ppm before the Industrial Revolution(1750 –1800)265-285 ppm before the Industrial Revolution(1750 –1800)
• 365 ppm in 1996365 ppm in 1996
• Over 600 ppm estimated by the end of 2100Over 600 ppm estimated by the end of 2100
Rising of the Earth’s Average TemperatureRising of the Earth’s Average Temperature::
• 0.3 – 0.6 C has risen over the past 100 Years0.3 – 0.6 C has risen over the past 100 Years
• 1.4 – 5.8 C will rise between 1990 – 21001.4 – 5.8 C will rise between 1990 – 2100
Rising of Sea Levels:Rising of Sea Levels:
• 10-25 cm has risen over the past 100 Years10-25 cm has risen over the past 100 Years
• 9 –88 cm will rise between 1990-21009 –88 cm will rise between 1990-2100
Source : IPCC Report in 2000Source : IPCC Report in 2000

• A raise in the Earth’s temperature betweenA raise in the Earth’s temperature between
1.4°C to 5.8 °C by 21001.4°C to 5.8 °C by 2100
scientists have predicted:scientists have predicted:
• Complicated changes in weather patterns,Complicated changes in weather patterns,
such as more severe droughts and floods,such as more severe droughts and floods,
and higher rainfall intensity.and higher rainfall intensity.
• Higher sea levels as oceans expand andHigher sea levels as oceans expand and
glaciers melt – from 9 and 88 centimetersglaciers melt – from 9 and 88 centimeters
by 2100by 2100

COP3 Outline of the Kyoto Protocol (2)COP3 Outline of the Kyoto Protocol (2)
JointJoint
Implementation (JI)Implementation (JI)
For the purpose of meeting itsFor the purpose of meeting its
commitments Parties in Annex I maycommitments Parties in Annex I may
transfer to or acquire from emissiontransfer to or acquire from emission
reduction units, any other parties inreduction units, any other parties in
Annex IAnnex I
Clean DevelopmentClean Development
MechanismMechanism
(CDM)(CDM)
The Purpose of CDM mechanism is toThe Purpose of CDM mechanism is to
assist Parties not included in Annex Iassist Parties not included in Annex I
in achieving sustainable developmentin achieving sustainable development
and to contribute the protocol, whileand to contribute the protocol, while
Parties in Annex I may use theParties in Annex I may use the
certified emission reduction accruingcertified emission reduction accruing
from such projects.from such projects.
Emissions TradingEmissions Trading
(ET)(ET)
Parties in Annex I may participate inParties in Annex I may participate in
the Emission Trading in order tothe Emission Trading in order to
achieve their commitments.achieve their commitments.
Kyoto MechanismKyoto Mechanism

Megha– Tropiques (MT)Megha– Tropiques (MT)
• Convective and cloud physical processesConvective and cloud physical processes
• Water vapour and rainfall characteristic over ocean and land surfaceWater vapour and rainfall characteristic over ocean and land surface
• Monsoon radiation budget in the Tropical regionMonsoon radiation budget in the Tropical region
Indian Space ProgrammeIndian Space Programme
INDOEXINDOEX ((Multi Agency Sponsored Campaign Experiment )Multi Agency Sponsored Campaign Experiment )
• To study natural and anthropogenic climate forcing by aerosols andTo study natural and anthropogenic climate forcing by aerosols and
feedbacks on regional and global climatefeedbacks on regional and global climate
• To study the haze layer containing black carbon. Sulphates , nitrates,To study the haze layer containing black carbon. Sulphates , nitrates,
organic particles and mineral dust over the Indian Ocean Regionorganic particles and mineral dust over the Indian Ocean Region
ISRO Geosphere Biosphere ProgrammeISRO Geosphere Biosphere Programme
• Climate Change Modeling & Coastal ClimateClimate Change Modeling & Coastal Climate
• Atmospheric Chemistry and AerosolsAtmospheric Chemistry and Aerosols
• Bio-Geo Cycles and Land Use ChangeBio-Geo Cycles and Land Use Change
ParameterParameter
• Aerosol CompositionAerosol Composition
• Reactive Atmospheric GasesReactive Atmospheric Gases
• Solar Radiation FluxesSolar Radiation Fluxes
• Wind and Water Vapor DistributionWind and Water Vapor Distribution
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