different types of covid 19 vaccines

1. Credit Seminar
on
Corona vaccines
How they work, ways of production and their efficacy
Presented by :- Mageshwar Singh Slathia (J-20-MV-643)
Seminar in charge :- Dr. Maninder Singh Major Advisor:- Dr.H.K. Sharma

2. SARS CoV 2
• Ss RNA
• Order – Nidovirales
Family – coronaviridae
Sub family- coronavirinae
Genera – 4 Alphacoronavirus
Betacoronavirus
Gammacoronavirus
Deltacoronavirus
Source:-
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC718064
9/
Birds
Mammals

3. What are vaccination
• Vaccination is a simple, safe and effective way of protecting people
against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them.
{WHO}
• The act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce immunity to
a specific disease. {CDC}
• Immunity and vaccination interchangeable
• The vaccines are administered through needle injections, but can also
be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose. {CDC} -???

4. Natural Immunity
Vaccine induced immunity
Exposure again
Exposure to
natural pathogen

5. Components of a vaccine
• Antigen – active ingredient Or blueprint for active ingredient
• Preservatives- 2- phenoxyethanol, in multi dose vials, not in single
• Stabilizers – prevent reaction
• Surfactants - blending
• Residuals – left after production
• Diluent- sterile water (common)
• Adjuvant- some vaccines, improve
response

6. How Vaccines are developed

7. Why corona vaccine is one of a kind
• Typical vaccine 10-12 years
• Corona vaccine 12-18 months (How its Possible)
In 1960s ,
mumps
vaccine in 4
yrs was made

8. Types of Corona vaccines
• Inactivated vaccines (covaxin,sinovac,sinopharm)
• Viral Vector vaccines (Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine ,Sputnik V vaccine,j
& J)
• Protein adjuvant vaccines (corbevax,novavax)
• Nucleic acids vaccines (Pfizer/BioNtech vaccine, moderna
vaccine,Zydus cadila ZyCoV-D)

9. Inactivated vaccines
• Exposure of virulent virus to chemical or physical agents (formalin, B-propiolactone)
• Destroy infectivity , retained immunogenicity
• Disadvantage – large amount of antigen
Chemical may damage immunogenicity
requires BSLV- 3
Source :- https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/inactivated-virus-vaccine

10. Covaxin
• India’s 1st indigenous COVID-19 vaccine
• Produced by Bharat Biotech with ICMR and NIV
• Technology used – Whole-Virion Inactivated Vero Cell
• 2 dose vaccination regime given 28 days apart
• Stable at 2-8 degree Celsius
• Adjuvant – Alhydroxiquim- II
• Phase 3 trials – 25,800 participants
(130 confirmed cases, 106 in placebo vs 24 in vaccine)
Efficacy – Symptomatic covid – 77.8% , severe- 93.4% and asymp. – 63.6%
• Source :- https://www.bharatbiotech.com/covaxin.html

11. Efficacy of Covaxin against Covid-19 variants
Proven to neutralize the variants
• B.1.1.7 (Alpha) (UK)
• P.1-B.1.1.28 (Gamma) & P.2-B.1.1.28 (Zeta) (Brazil)
• B.1.617(Kappa) (India)
• B.1.617.2(Delta)(India)
• B.1.351(Beta)(South Africa)
• Efficacy -65.2% (against Delta)
Source:- https://www.bharatbiotech.com/covaxin.html

12. CoronoVac
• Developed by Sinovac Biotech
• Formaldehyde inactivated with alum adjuvant
• Stable at 2-8 degree Celsius
• SAGE (WHO) recommends 2 doses with 2-4 weeks apart
• Efficacy – Phase 3 trials in Brazil (51% against symptomatic, 100 %
against severe) Against P1 and P2 variants (49.6%)
• WHO recommends in Pregnant women under certain condition
• Also for people with comorbidities
• Source:- https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/the-sinovac-covid-19-vaccine-what-you-need-to-know

13. Sinopharm vaccine
• Inactivated COVID – 19 vaccine
Developed by Sinopharm/China National Pharmaceutical Group.
• SAGE recommends 2 doses with 3-4 weeks apart
• Contain the dead coronavirus with Al salts as adjuvant
• Efficacy- Phase 3 trails (same against symptomatic and against
hospitalization i.e. 79%)
• Source:- https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/the-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-what-you-need-to-
know

14. Viral vectored vaccine
• The gene from
adenovirus,
which cause the
infection, is
removed while
a gene with the
code of a
protein from
another virus
spike is inserted
• This inserted
element is safe
for the body but
still helps the
immune system
to react and
produce
antibiotics,
which protect
us from the
infection.
• Source :-
https://sputnikvaccine.com/abo
ut-vaccine/

15. (viral vectored vaccines) Contd.
• Harmless cold virus after adding the spike protein DNA and growing it
in cell culture
• Downstream processing- purification of virus vaccine
• Many environmental factors in and around the cell culture –
temperature, oxygen, co2 level, acidity and so on are regulated

16. Covishield
• ChAdox1 ncoV-19 corona virus vaccine (Recombinant)
• Manufactured by Serum Institute of india Pvt Ltd.
With Oxford AstraZeneca
• 1 dose (0.5ml) contains 5 X 10^10 virus particles
• Replication deficient chimpanzee adenovirus vector encoding the SARS-
CoV-2 Spike (S) glycoprotein, produced in genetically modified human
embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells
• Different studies regarding the dose interval
• Source :- https://www.seruminstitute.com/pdf/covishield_ChAdOx1_nCoV19_corona_virus_vaccine_insert.pdf

17. Studies carried out in UK regarding dose
interval
• Study 1
D1 D2 (published in Lancet)
(76% after 22 days) (55% Efficacy)
• Study 2
D1 D2
(76%) (81-82% efficacy)
• Study 3 – with low dose
D1 with low dose D2 with standard dose (Not published)
(2.2 * 10^10) (90% efficacy)
4-6 weeks
12 weeks
4-6 weeks

18. Sputnik V
• Viral vectored vaccine (adeno virus ) adeno virus
is used as a container to deliver the corona virus gene
to cells and start synthesizing the new coronavirus envelope protein.
• World’s 1st registered vaccine against corona virus
• Two component vaccine (adenovirus serotypes 5 and 26 serotypes are
used)
• The gameleya National Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology in Russia
• Can be stored at 2-8 degree celsius
• Source:- https://www.precisionvaccinations.com/vaccines/sputnik-v-vaccine

19. Why sputnik V is more advantageous than
other vectored vaccine
Source of
contamination
Unhygienic
condition
Despite this
not approved
by WHO

20. Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen
• Single shot vaccine
• Principal – Viral Vector Vaccine
using Human Adenovirus
• Age – 18 years and above
• Efficacy – 85 % against severe
• Side effects- Guillain- Barre Syndrome (Autoimmune) – serious but
rare (FDA)

21. BBV154
• Novel adenovirus vectored
• Intranasal –
• Many advantages
Broad immune response
Immune response at site of infection (block both infection and
transmission)
• Currently under trials
• Source:- https://www.bharatbiotech.com/intranasal-vaccine.html

22. Sub unit based vaccines
• Very specific parts of a virus or bacterium used
• sugars or proteins
• Non infectious
• Childhood vaccines
Source:- https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/the-race-for-a-covid-19-vaccine-explained

23. Principle of protein adjuvant vaccines

24. Novavax (NVX-CoV2373)
• Protein subunit vaccine using
recombinant protein nanoparticle
technology to generate the antigens derived from corona virus spike(S)
protein
• It utilizes Matrix-M adjuvant(made up of Quillaja saponins formulated with
cholesterol and phospholipids into nanoparticles) to enhance the immune
system
• Reported Overall efficacy – 90.4% and 100% effective against moderate and
severe infection in phase 3 trials
• Undergoing trials in India under brand name Covovax
• 2 doses (21 days apart), stable 2-8 degree
• Source :- https://ir.novavax.com

25. Corbevax
• By Biological E Ltd. Hyderabad
• Indigenous vaccine
• Is expected to launch by August after completing its phase 3 trial
• The capacity to produce vaccine is similar to that of the serum
institute of India
• It is a protein Sub unit vaccine
• Generally considered as the safe
Source :- https://www.livemint.com/science/health/biological-e-likely-to-launch-covid-19-vaccine-by-august-11619022229805.html

26. Nucleic acid vaccines
• Use genetic material of virus or
bacteria
• Instructions for making specific
protein from the pathogen
• It stimulates the immune response
of the host
• New technology
• Safe, non infectious
• Fast as no cell culture

27. mRNA Vaccines
• Latest
(though
DNA
vaccines
for
particular
cancers)

28. How mRNA vaccines are produced
• No cell culture are required
• With the help of a machine, a synthesizer which add each nuleic acid
onto the next in the right sequence so that full length RNA sequence
that encodes the spike protein is achieved
• Mixed with lipid droplets of nanometer size
• Source:- https://theconversation.com/how-are-covid-19-vaccines-made-an-expert-explains-155430

29. Pfizer BioNtech
• Given EUA by the US FDA
• 12 Years or Older
• 2 shots vaccine with 3 weeks apart
• After phase 3 trials, its efficacy – 95%
43,000 participants
170 confirmed (162 in placebo vs 8 in vaccine group)

30. Moderna (mRNA-1273
• mRNA vaccine in which
mRNA is packed by lipid
molecules
• 2 doses are administered with
4 weeks apart
• 94.1 % efficacy
• 30,420 volunteers,195
confirmed
• 184 in placebo vs 11 in
vaccinated (symptomatic)
• 30 severe covid 19 – all in
placebo group

31. DNA vaccines

32. Plasmid DNA vaccine
• Zydus Cadila
• World’s 1st plasmid DNA vaccine
• What's the difference
BSL-1 as compared to covaxin
Low cold chain requirements
(25 degree for 3 months)
• 12 years and above
• 66.6% effective (symptomatic) and 100% against moderate
• Given intradermally (using Pharmajet Needle less tech.)
• Administered in 3 doses
Source:- https://www.theweek.in/news/health/2021/07/05/explained-how-does-zydus-cadilas-plasmid-dna-vaccine-work.html

33. Adjuvants: the Unsung heroes of vaccines
• Discovered by a French VET, Gaston Ramon
• Inflammation role in horses vaccinated
against Diptheria
• Experiment with common materials and
Foodstuffs
• 1926- Alexander Glenny – Aluminium salts
• Newly discovered adjuvants made up of oils/fats, saponins, polymers
• Half vaccine dose – adjuvant role in pandemic
Source:- https://theconversation.com/adjuvants-the-unsung-heroes-of-vaccines-156548

34. Problems
• Allergic reaction/ Anaphylaxis
• Maintaining the cold chain
• Accuracy (fastest Vaccine)
• Escape variants evolved in environment of weak immune responses
• Target age groups
• Lacking data about certain conditions like pregnant/lactating women
• Lacking data about other diseased conditions

35. Side effects of Vaccines
• Fever
• Fatigue
• Headache
• Muscle pain
• Chills
• Diarrhea
• Muscle at the injection site
Source :- https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-vaccines-safety

36. Efficacy of the vaccines
• Moderna – 90-94 %
• Pfizer- BioNtech – 90-94%
• Sputnik v – 85-90%
• Novavax- 85-89%
• Covishield – 70- 90 %
• Johnson & johnson Janssen – 70-85%
• Covaxin- 70-80%
• Sinovac/Coronovac – 67-75%

37. WHO approved covid 19 Vaccines
As of 3 June 2021, WHO has evaluated that the following vaccines
against COVID -19 have met the necessary criteria for safety and
efficacy :
• AstraZeneca/Oxford vaccine (Covishield)
• Johnson and Johnson’s janssen
• Moderna
• Pfizer/BioNtech
• Sinopharm
• Sinovac

38. Herd Immunity
• Enough people in a community
are vaccinated, the whole
community including the
individuals that are not
vaccinated, ARE PROTECTED
• Acc. To WHO, 60-70 % of pop.
Must be vaccinated to attain
Herd immunity

40. • Source:- WHO

44. Corona vaccines still a mystery
• Duration of protection ????
• Mix and Match Experiments – UK and Canada but CDC,FDA,WHO
don’t advice as of now
• Vaccines in pregnant women – recommended by GOI on 1st July,2021
• Vaccines in children – under trials

45. STATS (CO-WIN)
• As of 2nd august 2021, 46,77,95,975 individuals vaccinated
• 36,51,36,972 -1st dose
• 10,26,59,003 – 2nd dose
Which is 7.4 % approx. of total population of India
• Far from the numbers of Herd immunity
• But these are just stats – more vaccine options , increasing capacity
DO YOUR BIT – Get Vaccinated and help attain the HERD IMMUNITY

47. Covid vaccines for pregnant women
• Kerala’s campaign- ‘Mathru kavacham’- all pregnant women ll be
registered for vaccination at ward level by ASHA workers

48. Recent advances
• Covaxin (BBV152) recommended for emergency use authorization for
2- 18 years by the Subject Expert Committee of CDSCO (Central Drug
Standards Control Organisation) – 13th October 2021
• Covaxin gets approval by WHO for emergency use – 3rd November
2021.