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Covid 19 Vaccination SCM Analysis
- 1. COVID19 VACCINATION SCM Analysis By Tej Narayan Shaw, MBA-BASM, 107/MBA/191107, ‘19-’21 Supply Chain Management (B35) Under Guidance of Prof. Soumitra Poddar
- 2. CONTENTS 1. Acknowledgement 2. Introduction 3. Some Facts and Figures About Covid Vaccination in India 4. Vaccination Timeline of India in Since Last Century 5. Vaccine & Raw Material Sourcing 6. Vaccine Candidates In India 7. Covishield Raw Material & Suppliers 8. Covaxin Raw Material & Suppliers 9. Sputnik-V Raw Material & Suppliers 10. Vaccine Supply Chain 11. Manufacturing 12. Bullwhip Effect on Vaccination 13. Kanban Methods in Vaccination 14. Machineries & Equipment Suppliers 15. Storage & Distribution 16. Inventory Logistics & Transportation 17. Human Resource Management 18. SWOT Analysis 19. Industrial Revolution 20. Industry 4.0 21. Industry 4.0 in Covid-19 Vaccination 22. India Digitises Vaccination For Smoother SCM 23. Bibliography
- 3. Acknowledgement I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude towards our institute’s Director Shri. Dipankar Das Gupta, our Head of the Department Prof. Dr. Tanima Ray, our esteemed faculties Professor Soumitra Poddar, Professor Ashutosh Kar and all my other teachers at the Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management for their guidance and invaluable advice throughout the course of this project. I would also like to acknowledge my family, friends and each and every one who contributed to this project work either directly or indirectly. Regards, Tej Narayan Shaw
- 4. Introduction India is currently running the world’s largest vaccination drive. The nation targets to inoculate it 1.37 billion~ population. India has two approved vaccine candidates (as on May 2021), Astrazeneca-Serum Institute’s Covishield and Bharat BioTech’s indigenous Covaxin. Both vaccines require 2 shots per patient to complete the course. The vaccination poses a mammoth supply chain challenge. In this report, we shall try to analyse and draw out the insights to smoothen the process.
- 5. Some Facts and Figures About Covid Vaccination in India 12.45% People Vaccinated 17,06,17,107 doses given* 3.18% People Fully Vaccinated 4,36,71,804 doses given* 18.34% Total Registrations 25,13,26,050 registrations* 60.43% Share of Age Group 45+ in Total Registrations Age 18-44: 9,94,39,864 Age 45+: 15,18,86,182* *Between 16.01.2021 & 01.06.2021; Source: CoWIN
- 6. Vaccination Timeline of India in Since Last Century Target Population: 65 Cr. Duration - 15 years Smallpox Eradication Polio Eradication Immunization target group: 5-yr old 125M+ children. A GoI & WHO vaccination initiative to control poliomyelitis. Expanded Programme of Immunization, renamed UIP on ‘85 & Child Survival and Safe Motherhood Programme and in 1997 Largest immunization program. Includes BCG, OPV, DPT, IPV, RVV, MR PCV, Td, Hepatitis and Typhoid-Paratyphoid vaccines Covid-19 Vaccination A GoI initiative to vaccinate more than a billion Indian population against the deadly disease of SARS-CoV-2 1978 onwards 1993- 2014 1962- 1977 2021 onwards
- 7. Vaccine & Raw Material Sourcing Vendor Management Involves vendor selection, registration, ordering & vendor performance analysis. Less number of vendors lead to dependency and increases cost of sourcing. It is important to increase suppliers to increase cost and quality efficiency. More vendors also increase challenges in management of vendors. 01 Ordering Involves observation of outbound demand forecasting, followed by formulating inbound BOM. Tendering enquiry among vendors and allotment of LoI/PO as per criteria of tender. Ends with receipt of raw material in good state, documentation and release of payment as per LoI/PO terms. 03 Vendor Selection & Registration Exploration of raw material suppliers with good and reliable past performance and future prospects to meet demand. May require involvement of business consultants in absence of dedicated procurement policy. The vendor should meet all documentary and legal criteria for empanelment. 02 Vendor Performance Analysis Significant aspect to meet outbound deadlines. Past performance in duration of delivery, quantum of receipt of defective inventory & duration of return/replacement of same to be analysed. Analysis of cost of procurement could also be done. Helps in making well informed procurement decisions. 04
- 8. Vaccine Candidates In India Nasal Vaccine by Bharat Biotech Covishield Produced by Serum Institute of India under license of Astrazeneca. Storage Temp.: 2o to 8o C Covaxin Produced by Bharat BioTech in collaboration with ICMR. Storage Temp.: 2o to 8o C Sputnik V Approved Candidates Prospective Candidates Produced by Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories under licence of Moscow's Gamaleya Institute. Storage Temp.: 2o to 8o C ZyCov-Di by Zydus-Cadila Vaccine by Biological E. & J&J By Biological E., Dynavax & Baylor ColLege of Medicine HGCO19 by Genova & HDT Biotech Another Vaccine by SII & Novavax
- 9. Covishield Raw Material & Suppliers Ajinamoto - Japan Shanghai Kyowa - Japan Kyowa Hakko - Japan Summit Ingredient - China L-Histidine L-Histidine HCL Monohydrate Ajinamoto - Japan Kyowa Hakko - Japan Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate Macco Organiques- Czech Republic Nandu Chemicals - India Hubei Gedian Humanwell Pharma - China Croda Inc. - USA Polysorbate 80 Disodium edetate dihydrate Ethanol Sucrose Sodium chloride Water Data about suppliers are taken from pharmacompass.com Some raw material have multiple Indian suppliers, thus their suppliers are not mentioned
- 10. Covaxin Raw Material & Suppliers Lab Grown Inactivated SARS Cov-2 (Strain: NIV-2020-770) TLR 7/8 agonist (Imidazoquinolinone) Bio Techne - India 2- phenoxy- ethanol phosphate® buffer saline Data about suppliers are taken from pharmacompass.com Some raw material have multiple Indian suppliers, thus their suppliers are not mentioned
- 11. Sputnik-V Raw Material & Suppliers Sigma Tau - USA Suzhou Yacoo Science - China Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate Macco Organiques- Czech Republic Nandu Chemicals - India Hubei Gedian Humanwell Pharma - China Croda Inc. - USA Polysorbate 80 Disodium edetate dihydrate Ethanol Sucrose Sodium chloride Water Lab Grown Dead Adenoviruses: Serotype 26 in 1st dose and Serotype 5 in 2nd dose Tris-(hydroxymethyl)- aminomethane Data about suppliers are taken from pharmacompass.com Some raw material have multiple Indian suppliers, thus their suppliers are not mentioned
- 12. Vaccine Supply Chain Patient Hospital Makeshift vaccination centers Central Distribution Center Manufacturing Facility Manufacturer Raw Material Supplier R&D Licensing & Approval Body Technology Transfer
- 13. Requires highly optimised automated machineries. Involves long term planning as facilities cannot setup overnight. Involves huge cost involvement in procurement in maintenance. Manufacturing Machineries and Equipment Quality Control Requires automation and blockchaining of multiple stages of production. Generation of real time data of every minute variations in output at each stage. Consistent approach towards improvement. R&D Involves exploratory research about the disease & remedies. The vaccine candidate is developed and leads to pre-clinical & clinical trials and processes are reiterated after improvements. Licensing and Collaborations Collaborations with academic universities, government and pharma industry partners for development, test, trials and manufacturing. Regulatory approvals are required before launching product from authorities, eg. ICMR, USFDA, WHO, etc. EHS It is also a subject matter of quality control reporting. If neglected then may cause fatalities, hefty fines, suspension & face loss. Involves usage of relevant class clean rooms, proper disposal of waste, manpower safety and hygiene such as usage of PPE Kits & safety gloves and many other precautions. Demand & Production Effort to meet demand & cost optimisation. Effective tie-ups and usage of credit facilities such as revolving credits for production & procurement. Usage of tools of operation such as Six Sigma, Kanban, JIT to reduce distortions such as Bullwhip.
- 14. ● Bullwhip effect includes overestimates due to spikes in consumer demand and acute supply shoot ups. ● It leads to distortion of supply chain, and predicted demand exceeds the actual demand. ● At each level, the supplier ends up having high supply surplus and wastage. ● India is undergoing initial phase of Bullwhip effect in vaccination. ● Demand has spiked, vaccine production and imports are also increased substantially. ● Due to poor medical infra and vaccine hesitancy amid periodic demand spikes, bullwhip may occur. ● India wasted 5%~ (4.6mn wasted and 96.4 jabs) by 11th April ‘21 as per Business Insider. ● National Geographic suggest vaccine hesitancy of 56%~ in rural India. ● Focus on predictive data analytics with massive awareness program, asides push for more procurement of vaccines can minimize distortions. Bullwhip Effect on Vaccination
- 15. Kanban Methods in Vaccination Training and dry testing of each staff. Protocols must be made clear to each member in the supply chains and line staffs must be updated about changes in policies. Suggestions and feedbacks of line staffs must be taken.. Make Process Policies Explicit Identifying and eliminating the bottlenecks in the supply chain. Using the WIP limits to quantify demand & supply, increase or decrease vaccination centers, transportation, warehouses, database allocation & production. Manage Flow Visualisation of the complete vaccination drive. Each stage must be articulated in written and graphical format. Changes in the workflow must be updated accordingly. Line staffs must be aware about their position in the workflow. Visualise Workflow Quantify the rate of vaccination per vaccination center in different categories, delays in delivery, efficacy during different durations, rate of production & registration rate. Limit Work in Progress 1 Focus on data collection. Use visualisations tools to review and analyse metrics of collected data about shortfalls, delivered, used and leftover doses, wastage of doses, registration, delays & inoculation. Implement Feedback Loops Don’t bring abrupt changes. Focus on gradual changes, stage by stage. Evaluate the improvement after every change. Focus on improving in beta mode before launching the alpha. Improve Collaboratively, Evolve Experimentally 2 3 4 5 6
- 16. Machineries & Equipment Suppliers Clean Room Facilitators Controllers Actuators Cold Rooms Automated Sterilisation Equipment Blending Machineries Filling Machineries Vial Packaging Machineries Testing Equipment Assembly Line
- 17. Inventory Management Storage & Temperature Monitoring Formulation of packaging for SKUs with medical grade materials. Labeling of the packaging with necessary data about the product and the brand. Storage of vaccines & raw materials in supplier recommended medical grade cold chain, including but not limiting to freezers & refrigerators. Uninterrupted power supply with sufficient backup. Central monitoring of breakdowns & preventive maintenance through trained staffs. Sufficient budgetary allocation with buffer for procurement of facilities to avoid outage due to shortage of funds. Inventory Transportation Involves transportation of vaccines and other materials either to the order issuer’s facility or stock transfer in the intermediate facilities. Quality control of vehicles and medical grade cold containers, fulfilling documentary obligations such as delivery challans, invoices, interstate waybills, health certificates of the vehicles, associated staff’s documents, etc. are some salient points which are check rigorously and updates as and when needed. Storage & Distribution Involves calculation of demand forecasting, economic order quantity, reorder point, stock turnover ratios, safety stocks, periodic variations in demand, supply, manufacturing and delivery lead times, optimisation of shortage in stock. It also involves facilitating recommended storage environment, arranging transportation, waste management, packaging of materials, and close coordination with procurement, manufacturing and sales departments. Inventory Disposal Protocol for disposal/replacement/return of expired, defective goods must formulated. Vaccines and related vials, containers and equipment such as syringes must be disposed in biohazard containers after usage. Waste management protocols must be strictly followed with involvement of subject matter experts & organisations. Waste management contracts may be outsourced in absence of required expertise.
- 18. Inventory Logistics & Transportation Some Logistics Providers collabs with Airliners Reefer Trucks
- 19. Human Resource Management Training of staff for handling of critical components. The message of necessity of schedule and adversaries of delays should be conveyed across the lines among staffs. Each staff should be well versed with their own sets of roles & responsibilities. Repercussions of delays and award for critical delivery of duty must be noticed and trained as case study on regular basis. Virology, logistics and warehousing, transportation, maintenance, cold chain operation, healthcare, line and strategic functions, finance, accounts, procurement, sanitation & hygiene, safety, security, IT centers, data centers, trainers, HRs, legal, taxation. Functions Training Involves enrollment of manpower as per demand. Talent acquisition/transfer of trained manpower after forecasting temporary and permanent staffs in various functions based on past and present observations. Close coordination with line managers to meet the demand of cost optimisation in staffing with replenishment of vacancy. Necessary equipment and materials must be availed on schedule. Utmost care for the health of frontline employees, such as vaccination of nurses, doctors, sanitation workers, drivers, and other support crew. PPE kits and sanitation must be provided to healthcare workers as they become highly susceptible to disease. Violation of personnel safety norms must be dealt seriously. Staffing Safety of Staffs
- 20. SWOT Analysis 1. Poor medical cold chain network across nation 2. Poor connectivity of the distant parts 3. Lack of awareness in general public about vaccine 4. Shortage in supply of vaccine due to distortion in planning 5. High dependency on fewer suppliers 6. Significantly higher proportion of wastage of vaccines 1. House to the world’s largest vaccine producers 2. Extensive experience of mass vaccination from past 3. Blockchain based online slot booking & vaccination program through UID 4. Program being lead by world renowned doctors and ministers with vast experience in implementing vaccination drives Strength Weakness 1. Reluctance of significant population to vaccinate 2. Surge in 3rd wave of pandemic may breakdown the vaccine supply chain again 3. Delay in vaccines for younger population may put them in risk of infection 4. Natural calamities, accidents in facilities or threats to manufacturers may breakdown the program 5. Counterfeiting may endanger lives of patients 1. Patent waiver of Astrazeneca can be used to license to other manufacturers 2. 5 candidates under trials may help in abundance of supply 3. Inclusion of private sector in vaccination and allowing them to claim the cost as CSR 4. Approval to import other candidates of vaccine 5. Medical inclusion of left out population through awareness promotions Opportunity Threat
- 21. Industry 1.0 1760 onwards Invention of Steam Engines & Locomotive Covering greater distances in shorter durations in transportation Use of steam based machines to replace manual labour Industrial Revolution Industry 2.0 1840 onwards Invention of electricity & assembly line production Implementation of mass production increasing productivity Termed as ‘Technological Revolution’, sophisticated electrical machines were invented & used to maximise production Industry 3.0 1970 onwards Invention of microprocessors, computers, wireless telecom, Internet & green energy Implementation of PLC based electronics & advanced electricals Usage of graphical interface of computer aided designing & manufacturing for precision & swift production Industry 4.0 Modern-era inventions of 4G & 5G, AI, ML, IoT, IoS Data driven production using interactive systems Elements include cyber-physical systems, cloud computing & cognitive computing Increasing process efficiency using smart and self-diagnostic systems
- 22. Industry 4.0 ● Industry 4.0 optimizes automation in Industry 3.0 ● Smart factories which can identify snags and provide troubleshoots or its methods ● Usage of blockchain based chatbots and app with interactive mediums for grievance redressals and troubleshoots ● Cloud computing and data mining to optimize production & supply chain & forecast demand dynamically ● Real time data collection and database management during transactions in processes ● Usage of various sensors, actuators and receptors to collect data of outputs accordingly ● Identification of location of goods in transit and planning of transit & backup fleet in logistics transit ● Smart autonomous robotics in warehousing & productions ● Making technology cheaper and accessible for smaller enterprises
- 23. Industry 4.0 in Covid-19 Vaccination ● Clinical trial management solutions based on cloud based SaaS platform to collect vaccination and post-vaccination data about volunteers across the globe ● Blockchain based integrated data management solution in vaccine production, where logs of every updates are maintained with repository of changes in records ● End-to-end supply chain solution including features like analytics of last mile delivery and returns management ● Using cloud based back-end supply chain application for cold chain traceability using real time serial number tracking and GPS based location tracking of shipments to control counterfeits ● Using temperature sensors integrated with cloud based applications to track temperature of reefers and cold chain to check wastage ● Blockchaining allows every user access the system to upload data on-the-go and records get updated real time ● Covid-19 takes a true test of capabilities of industry 4.0 to safeguard humankind
- 24. Aarogya Setu App Uses bluetooth to track spread of infection. Notifies Covid related risks to patients. Links to CoWin platform for vaccination related information. Keeps record of infected patients. The data could be used to trace post-vaccination infections. CoWin Registration for vaccination using UAIDI. Generation of vaccination certificate. Database of vaccination in India for management of registration, generation of appointment, managing the drive and certification of patients. Allows 3rd Party APIs. India Digitises Vaccination For Smoother SCM
- 25. India Digitises Vaccination For Smoother SCM Kolkata Municipal Corporation WhatsApp Chatbot to Book Slot Interactive WhatsApp chatbot to book slot for vaccination at centers located in Kolkata. WhatsApp being relevant medium of communication, chatbot makes the process smoother. Vaccinateme Initiative By HealthifyMe To Find Vaccination Slot Initiative by fitness app, HeathifyMe. Platform to find slot for vaccination. Uses CoWin API. Realtime SMS & WhatsApp alert features to inform about vacant slots to users. Available in English & 10 Indian languages.
- 27. Thank You