Discussion 3: Open 33 unread replies.33 replies. Be sure to consider multiple perspectives and write as clearly and concisely as possible. You must include a minimum of 300 words and cite your work. Be sure to review the discussion rubric tab under the 'Start Here' module for details on how your discussions will be graded. Side note: I do not teach from the textbook and you are not required to read it. Consider the textbook as a reference to provide clarification on various topics. You should read the information below, it will help you complete the assignment. I can tell if you read the information because it is usually reflected in the quality of work that you submit. “Give us the ballot, and we will no longer have to worry the federal government about our basic rights. Give us the ballot, and we will no longer plead to the federal government for passage of an anti-lynching law; we will by the power of our vote write the law on the statute books of the South and bring an end to the dastardly acts of the hooded perpetrators of violence. Give us the ballot, and we will transform the salient misdeeds of bloodthirsty mobs into the calculated good deeds of orderly citizens. Give us the ballot, and we will fill our legislative halls with men of goodwill and send to the sacred halls of Congress men who will not sign a “Southern Manifesto” because of their devotion to the manifesto of justice. Give us the ballot, and we will place judges on the benches of the South who will do justly and love mercy, and we will place at the head of the southern states governors who will, who have felt not only the tang of the human, but the glow of the Divine. Give us the ballot, and we will quietly and nonviolently, without rancor or bitterness, implement the Supreme Court’s decision of May seventeenth, 1954.” "Give Us the Ballot (Links to an external site.)” was delivered by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr at the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom on May 17, 1957, in Washington. D.C. Introduction We just passed the first anniversary of the January 6th insurrection, where domestic terrorists sought to overthrow the November 2020 election and decertify votes of mostly historically excluded groups (HEG’s) or those originally left out of the Constitution. Some of the insurrectionists were seen wearing anti-Semitic attire and insignia affiliated with white supremacist groups. Dr. Robert Pape from the University of Chicago analyzed the demographics of 377 alleged insurrectionists who were arrested. His report (Links to an external site.) found that those arrested came from communities with a decreased population of White people and an increase in diverse populations. Dr. Pape noted, “We’re finding evidence that the key driver is fear that rights of Hispanic people and Black people are outpacing the rights of white people.” The FBI (Links to an external site.) has issued several warnings on the increase in “domestic terrorism” and white supremacy in America ...

1. Discussion 3: Open
33 unread replies.33 replies.
Be sure to consider multiple perspectives and write as clearly
and concisely as possible. You must include a minimum of 300
words and cite your work. Be sure to review the discussion
rubric tab under the 'Start Here' module for details on how your
discussions will be graded.
Side note: I do not teach from the textbook and you are not
required to read it. Consider the textbook as a reference to
provide clarification on various topics. You should read the
information below, it will help you complete the assignment. I
can tell if you read the information because it is usually
reflected in the quality of work that you submit.
“Give us the ballot, and we will no longer have to worry the
federal government about our basic rights.
Give us the ballot, and we will no longer plead to the federal
government for passage of an anti-lynching law; we will by the
power of our vote write the law on the statute books of the
South and bring an end to the dastardly acts of the hooded
perpetrators of violence.
Give us the ballot, and we will transform the salient misdeeds
of bloodthirsty mobs into the calculated good deeds of orderly
citizens.
Give us the ballot, and we will fill our legislative halls with
men of goodwill and send to the sacred halls of Congress men
who will not sign a “Southern Manifesto” because of their
devotion to the manifesto of justice.

2. Give us the ballot, and we will place judges on the benches of
the South who will do justly and love mercy, and we will place
at the head of the southern states governors who will, who have
felt not only the tang of the human, but the glow of the Divine.
Give us the ballot, and we will quietly and nonviolently,
without rancor or bitterness, implement the Supreme Court’s
decision of May seventeenth, 1954.”
"Give Us the Ballot (Links to an external site.)” was delivered
by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr at the Prayer Pilgrimage for
Freedom on May 17, 1957, in Washington. D.C.
Introduction
We just passed the first anniversary of the January 6th
insurrection, where domestic terrorists sought to overthrow the
November 2020 election and decertify votes of mostly
historically excluded groups (HEG’s) or those originally left out
of the Constitution. Some of the insurrectionists were seen
wearing anti-Semitic attire and insignia affiliated with white
supremacist groups. Dr. Robert Pape from the University of
Chicago analyzed the demographics of 377 alleged
insurrectionists who were arrested. His report (Links to an
external site.) found that those arrested came from communities
with a decreased population of White people and an increase in
diverse populations. Dr. Pape noted, “We’re finding evidence
that the key driver is fear that rights of Hispanic people and
Black people are outpacing the rights of white people.” The FBI
(Links to an external site.) has issued several warnings on the
increase in “domestic terrorism” and white supremacy in
America. Based on the 2020 U.S. Census data, not only is the
U.S. becoming more diverse, so is Texas. People of color in

3. Texas now outnumber the White population. Is there a bigger
relationship between the increase in people of color in America
and the rise in “domestic terrorism”?
Why am I mentioning the 1/6/21 U.S. Capital insurrection?
Because the main goal of the insurrectionists was to “stop the
steal” by trying to decertify millions of valid votes and ensure
that former President Trump remained president. The Trump
administration's attorney general, William Barr (Links to an
external site.) confirmed that there was not "wide spread fraud
in the 2020 election".
Optional: If you do not follow politics, you may want to
read/view the optional items below.
What does the U.S. Constitution say about voting rights and the
role that the federal government should play? You may want to
read the following portions of the U.S. Constitution:
Article 1, Section 4
Article 4, Section 4
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Here are a few common themes from state proposed elections
laws:
Reduction in early voting dates and times

4. Elimination of “Souls to the Polls”, “Souls to the Polls” was a
campaign created by Black churchgoers to encourage voting
directly after Sunday church services.
Criminalizes feeding and passing out water to voters who are
required to wait in long lines to vote. (GA)
Eliminating the number of drop boxes for mail-in ballots.
History of the Voting Rights Act (1965)
Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act (1965) prohibited the
“discrimination of voting practices and procedures that
discriminated on the basis of race, color or membership in a
language minority group”. Redistricting plans and maps were
also included in that language. In 2013, SCOTUS eliminated a
portion of the Voting Rights Act (1965) with the Shelby County
v Holder ruling, essentially stating that "racist voter
suppression is over”.
New York Times. (2013, June 25). A History of Voting Rights |
The New York Times. YouTube. [Video].
https://youtu.be/U4XtZ-tIzIA (Links to an external site.)
Highlights from Current Voting Rights Legislation
Freedom to Vote Act Overview
Election Day becomes a federal holiday
States must offer early voting

5. All voters may request mail-in ballots
States must ensure that voting lines are no longer than 30
minutes long
Online, automatic, and same-day voter registration
Prohibits partisan gerrymandering and create standards on
redistricting
Prevents local election officials from being fired without cause
Increases security on voting systems; paper records of ever y
ballot, post-election audits, and funds state cybersecurity grants
Requires disclosures on donations to political groups
John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act (For the People
Act) Overview
Restores portions of the 1965 Voting Rights Act and prevents
discrimination against voters of color, address the U.S. Supreme
Court (SCOTUS) decision Shelby County v Holder, 2013.
Highlights which states and local governments have a pattern of
discrimination
Ensures that all changes to elections are publicly announced at
least 180 days before an election
Expands the government’s authority to send federal observers to
any area where there may be a risk of discrimination at the
polls.

6. NowThis News. (2021, October 5).The Difference Between the
Freedom to Vote Act and the For the People Act. YouTube.
[Video].
https://youtu.be/_VuyKSc3oQ0 (Links to an external site.)
What is gerrymandering and redistricting? (Optional: Just in
case you would like a refresher.)
Khan Academy. (2018, February 9). Gerrymandering | US
government and civics | US government and civics | Khan
Academy. YouTube. [Video].
https://youtu.be/WfxBuwMGTts (Links to an external site.)
PBS NewsHour. (2021, November 24). Dems control the House
by only 3 seats. Here's how redistricting efforts could affect
that. YouTube. [Video].
https://youtu.be/_VMgBgo1Wd4 (Links to an external site.)
What is the filibuster?
Khan Academy. (2018, January 9). Senate filibusters and
cloture. YouTube. [Video]. https://youtu.be/JdNlpY7ImOg
Lau, T. (2021, April 26). The Filibuster, Explained. Brennan
Center for Justice. https://www.brennancenter.org/our-
work/research-reports/filibuster-explained (Links to an external
site.)

7. Texas Election Laws and Overview (Optional: Just in case you
are interested.)
On September 7, 2021, Governor Abbott signed Texas Senate
Bill (S. B.) 1 into law. The new election law will go into effect
on December 2, 2021, and it is currently facing several legal
challenges. The pending lawsuits claim that the law violates the
U.S. Constitution, federal laws, and suppresses voters. Many
organizations such as Crip the Vote and Rev Up Texas have
been critical of how the provisions in Texas S. B. 1 will impact
Texans with disabilities. They believe that the new legislation
will make it harder for people with disabilities to cast their
ballots and create barriers to seeking assistance at polling
locations.
KXAN. (2016, October 24). History of Texas elections.
YouTube. [Video].
https://youtu.be/gZyAMyo8Bas (Links to an external site.)
KVUE. (2021, September 7). Gov. Greg Abbott to sign SB 1
into law | KVUE. YouTube [Video].
https://youtu.be/NnCBedXbK9E (Links to an external site.)
Roberts, K. (2021, March 26). Beto O'Rourke testifying against
SB 7. YouTube [Video].
https://youtu.be/foQG2YG4YtU (Links to an external site.)
(Former Congressman Beto O’Rourke speaks at the 12:31
mark.)
Summary of the Texas Senate Bill 1 New Election Provisions:

8. Bans 24-hour voting in Texas counties.
Bans all drive-thru voting.
Increases vote-by-mail identification mandates, by requiring
individuals to provide either their driver's license number or the
last four digits of their Social Security number on their absentee
ballot application forms and on the envelope in which they
return their ballots.
Bans officials from mailing unsolicited mail-in ballot
applications.
Allows partisan poll watchers "free movement" at polling places
under the new law, except for watching a voter cast their ballot.
(Poll watchers are required to attend training and can be
removed for disruptive behavior.)
Caregivers and those who assist people with disabilities while
they cast a ballot must complete documentation showing their
name, address, and relationship to the person they helped cast a
ballot. They will also be required to take an oath pledging only
to help with "reading the ballot to the voter, directing the voter
to read the ballot, marking the voter's ballot, or directing the
voter to mark the ballot."
The Texas secretary of state's office will conduct monthl y voter
roll checks to ensure that non-citizens are not registered to vote.
Legiscan. (n.d.). Texas Senate Bill 1.
https://legiscan.com/TX/text/SB1/id/2424492 (Links to an
external site.)
Data
(You will need to incorporate data into your assignment to
fulfill the Quality of Evidence portion of the discussion rubric.
Feel free to use the information below to support your
argument.)

9. FairVote. (n.d.) Voter Turnout.
https://www.fairvote.org/voter_turnout#voter_turnout_101
(Links to an external site.)
NBC News. (2021, August 21). Census Shows A More Diverse,
Urban America. YouTube. [Video].
https://youtu.be/cqJwKu4dNSk (Links to an external site.)
Statewide Database. (n.d.) Election Data.
https://statewidedatabase.org/election.html (Links to an exter nal
site.)
U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). Quick Facts: United States.
https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/HSD410219
(Links to an external site.) (You will see this item several times
throughout the course, so you may want to become familiar with
it.)
U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). Voting and Registration.
https://www.census.gov/topics/public-sector/voting.html (Links
to an external site.)
Discussion Overview
Let’s discuss the federal government's role in voting rights.
Historically, voting rights have been bipartisan. Former
Republican presidents Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush were
avid supporters of voting rights. Why are voting rights now
controversial? Does it have to do with the changing
demographics of the country?
According to the Brenner Center for Justice, state lawmakers in
over 48 states have introduced bills to restrict access to voting,

10. and 18 of those bills have been passed into law. Including Texas
Senate Bill 7. Many republicans cite election concerns from
November 2020 and believe that the new restrictions are
necessary to ensure election security. The opposition believes
that the restrictive provisions disenfranchise communities of
color, the disabled, and low-income populations.
Advocates and most Congressional Democrats have been
working to pass the Freedom to Vote Act and the John Lewis
Voting Rights Advancement Act to guarantee free and fair
elections. Currently, Democrats control the U.S. House by a
slim majority and the U.S. Senate is equally divided among
party lines with Vice President Harris breaking tie votes.
Currently, there are 2 U.S. Senate Democrats (Sen. Sinema (AZ)
and Sen. Manchin (WV)) who have been on the fence on
changing the filibuster and plan to vote against passing voting
rights legislation. President Biden has received backlash from
some progressive Democrats because they feel that he should
have used his political capital to guarantee voting rights
because they are fundamental for an equitable society.
Many Republicans are against the aforementioned voting rights
legislation because many feel that elections should be decided
by the state, same-day voter registration would create avenues
for voter fraud, and that components of the legislation is an
overreach of federalism. Many Republicans support the John
Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act and the Electoral Count
Act because both would prevent state election officials from
trying to undo state-certified elections that were fairly run.
Assignment
(You will need to answer the items in bold because they connect
to the course and account for the Knowledge of Subject Manner

11. on the discussion rubric. You may find further information on
the topics in Chapter 3: 3 Things to Know.)
1. Watch the videos below on voting rights legislation and
changing the filibuster.
Brennan Center for Justice. (2021, January 19.) The Fight to
Vote: A Conversation with Michael Waldman and Melissa
Murray. (YouTube). [Video].
https://youtu.be/8fLxoik2yuI (Links to an external site.)
The Heritage Foundation. (2021, April 13). Safeguarding our
Elections: A Conversation with Sen. Rand Paul. (YouTube).
[Video].
https://youtu.be/AFj2-2mI6eg (Links to an external site.)
Senator John Cornyn. (2022, January 19). Cornyn Outlines GOP
Wish List if Schumer Ends Filibuster. (YouTube). [Video].
https://youtu.be/2MDyQBbW1Vw (Links to an external site.)
2. Draft a persuasive argument for or against federal
intervention to enact voting rights legislation (it is okay to be
neutral, but you must state your reasoning). Think about the
religious, political, cultural, economic, and societal
implications of voting rights legislation.
Your submission must include the components below in essay
format:
Provide a brief introduction of the voting rights legislation. 1-2
sentence(s)

12. Give context and/or background on voting rights. 2-3 sentences
Describe how federalism divides power and resources between
the U.S. federal government and state governments regarding
elections. 1-2 sentence(s)
Detail possible limitations of federalism and how the overreach
may negatively impact voting rights. 1-2 sentence(s)
Explain how federalism can impede or promote social justice
work in ensuring free and fair elections. 1-2 sentence(s)
Share your position on the voting rights legislation.
(Acknowledge opposing viewpoints, if applicable.) 2-3
sentences
List facts/data/evidence that supports your argument. (You may
want to include your data/statistics here.) 2-3 sentences
Summarize your argument. Do you have questions or a call to
action? 1-2 sentence(s)
Include at least 2 citations
Your submission should read like an essay. I added the sentence
length to assist those who prefer more detail. I am more
concerned about the structure and quality of your argument.
Your grade will be negatively impacted if you do not answer the
bold content-related questions, include data, and/or forget to list
your citations. Be sure to review the discussion rubric in the
‘Start Here’ module.
Questions to Think About
Does the fact that America is mostly comprised of people of
color impact the need to limit voting rights?
Is federal oversight only needed when states go amok?
Do you favor a strong national government or an increase in
‘states rights’ when it comes to the elections process?
Does federalism enhance or undermine the ability of states and
counties to maintain fair elections?
Can state and local governments address election concerns

13. alone?
Is it the federal governments' responsibility to ensure that
everyone has a free and fair election?
What are the underlining issues surrounding voting rights
restrictions in America?
What structural change is needed to pass voting rights
legislation?
How will the Freedom to Vote Act and the For the People Act
assist historically excluded groups (HEG’s)? The LGBTQ+
community? Veterans? People with disabilities?
Do the bills go far enough or do they go too far? What other
measures should be included?
Does the federal government have the funds and/or resources to
support the legislation?
What are the political implications?
Is it feasible to eliminate voter suppression?
Suggested Reading (Optional)
Brennan Center for Justice. (2021). Annotated Guide to the For
the People Act of 2021. https://www.brennancenter.org/our -
work/policy-solutions/annotated-guide-people-act-2021 (Links
to an external site.)
C-Span. (2021, January 12). Sen. Mitch McConnell on Changing
the Filibuster & Voting Rights Bills. YouTube. [Video].
https://youtu.be/nJX68mfQlYc (Links to an external site.)
Galston, W. (2021, January 5). The Blessings (and Curses) of
Federalism. Wall Street Journal.
https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-blessings-and-curses-of-
federalism-11609870276 (Links to an external site.) PDF: The
Blessings (and Curses) of Federalism - WSJ.pdf

14. NBC News. (2021, May 11). Schumer, McConnell Clash Over
Voting Rights Bill In Senate.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8reVuzqFS_U (Links to an
external site.)
Nussbaumer, K. (2013). The Election Law Connection and U.S.
Federalism. Jstor. https://www-jstor-
org.libaccess.hccs.edu/stable/42000294?Search=yes&resultItem
Click=true&searchText=The+Election+Law+Connection+and+U
.S.+Federalism&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQ
uery%3DThe%2BElection%2BLaw%2BConnection%2Band%2B
U.S.%2BFederalism%26filter%3D&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_se
arch_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-
default%3A27fac41ffc34a5ebef31203e03eec202&seq=1#metada
ta_info_tab_contents Links to an external site. Links to an
external site. View the PDF or log in with your HCC account
information: The Election Law Connection and U.S.
Federalism.pdf
Stevenson, P. (2021, June 8). How is the John Lewis Voting
Rights Act different from H.R. 1?
https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/06/08/how -is-
john-lewis-voting-rights-act-different-hr-1/ (Links to an
external site.)PDF: How is the John Lewis Voting Rights Act
different from H.R. 1? - The Washington Post.pdf
The Heritage Foundation. (2021, February 21). The Facts About
H.R. 1: The “For the People Act of 2021”.
https://www.heritage.org/election-integrity/report/the-facts-
about-hr-1-the-the-people-act-2021 (Links to an external site.)
The Hill. (2021, January 12). 'We Have No Option But To
Change': Biden Calls For Changing Filibuster Rules For Voting
Right Bills. YouTube. [Video].
https://youtu.be/xb0650bkQ5E (Links to an external site

15. Page 1 of 1
MGT3035 Fundamentals of Project Management
© 2013 South University
Resource-Constrained Scheduling
A project manager might estimate that the workforce situation
constrains the project to using no
more than 100 labor-hours or man-hours. However, the manager
may have some choices in the
matter.
Specifying one union-constrained worker, working eight hours a
day, five days a week, will result
in a completely different activity estimate than two nonunion
workers working 10 hours a day,
seven days a week. That’s simple math.
Extend this thinking to all activities and their precedence
relationships. You will find resource
constraints produce such things as completely different
schedules, critical paths, and
dependencies.
The key point in resource-constrained scheduling is that time is
not the independent variable. It is
the dependent variable in the estimating equation. You do not
specify time; you specify resource
constraints, and this mathematically results in a calculation of

16. time.
Project Management Process Overview
© 2016 South University
Overview
At some point in time, the idea for a project is born. This may
be driven by market need,
technical opportunity, or organizational politics, but the idea
must advance through a gauntlet of
management approvals.
The formal approval or go ahead for a project happens when the
project charter is developed by
the project sponsor and agreed to by the main members of the
project team. That is also about
the time the context of the project should be considered in terms
of organizational structure—not
just the organization of the project itself but how the project fits
within the existing organization
and its strategy.
Then, the project scope statement is developed. This clearly
articulates what the project will and
will not include with respect to what the completed project will
look like when it's done to the
total satisfaction of its customers and other stakeholders.
Next, the project plan is developed, and one of its main
deliverables is the WBS, which

17. graphically defines the scope. Efforts should then be made to
relate the WBS to the
organizational breakdown structure (OBS) by using a linear
responsibility chart.
At this stage, a budget can then be made for the project. In
reality, a finite amount of funds
already may have been determined in the earliest phases of the
project. If this is the case, top-
down budgeting will probably continue. Otherwise, bottom-up
budgeting has its advantages and
disadvantages, and it may be the better approach.
A schedule can then be developed, clearly showing each activity
needed to accomplish the WBS
deliverables, their interdependencies, the critical path, and other
important details. This is a good
time to resolve any inconsistencies between foreseen project
durations and any externally
mandated deadlines. After this is done, resources can be
allocated to the schedule. Labor hours
are the most common unit of allocating resources because labor
availability seems to be the
most troubling resource to schedule. To preclude a host of
human problems, labor allocation
should be leveled throughout the entire project. This list is the
preliminary work that the project
manager is responsible for having in place in order to begin a
clearly defined project.
You will first examine the basics of project budgeting and
costing. There is
nothing unique to project management about these tools; they

18. are adapted from
accounting, finance, and related disciplines. You will discover
how the project
manager establishes the baseline against which the project will
be evaluated
relative to one of the main tenets of the triple constraint —cost.
Then you will
discuss project scheduling. In complete contrast to the pedigree
of budgeting
and costing, the pedigree of scheduling owes a lot of credit to
the historical
evolution of managing projects. As part of project scheduling,
the project manager
also evaluates other aspects of the triple threat, schedule or
time. This week,
you will also learn about resource loading and leveling. These
topics are related
both to the project cost and the project schedule. These
techniques help in the
allocation of predetermined resources against the project budget
and the project
schedule to see whether the project will operate smoothly
without fits and starts
because of resource limitations.
Your Learning Objectives for the Week:
• Analyze requirements and scope for a project
• Organize elements of a project into a comprehensive plan that
includes
both resource and time budgets

19. Project Scheduling Techniques
Project scheduling techniques continue to be developed today.
Consider how some types of projects just never seem to be
completed on time, and they get delayed time
and again to everyone's frustration. Despite schedule constraints
often being the hardest to deal with in any given project, delays
seem rampant in some �elds.
Before discussing project scheduling techniques, let's visit the
idea of an activity. While discussing the work breakdown
structure (WBS) in Week 3, you would have
noted the WBS represents the project scope in the form of a
hierarchy of the project deliverables. A WBS is further
elaborated by the speci�cation of the activities to
produce the deliverables.
Do not confuse an activity with a deliverable. As simple as it
sounds, one way to keep the idea of an activity clear from the
idea of a deliverable is that activities are
expressed with action verbs like "Build . . .," "Write . . .," or
"Produce . . .," whereas deliverables are not. Deliverables are
outputs, not actions.
Once the activities needed to accomplish all WBS deliverables
are de�ned, they can be scheduled by putting them all together
in their logical, complex sequences,
according to how they are sequentially dependent.
Two project scheduling techniques are critical path method
(CPM) and program evaluation and review technique (PERT).

20. Though the CPM is a deterministic technique
and PERT is a probabilistic technique, both have almost become
one, as they share similarities. They both assume that a small
activity which makes the longest path
control the entire project. However, your assignments focus
more on deterministic activity estimates and CPM. Though the
terms PERT and CPM are often used
interchangeably, it is important for you to have complete clarity
about them.
CPM is a deterministic technique. For any given activity, it
assumes only one estimate of time with no estimated variation
around it. Therefore, the overall length of any
activity, path, or project can be easily determined through some
simple math – though doing a “backward pass” and a “forward
pass” may get tedious. The CPM is a pure
scheduling technique, and its purpose is to build a project
schedule based on deterministic estimates of each activity’s
time.
PERT is a probabilistic technique. It uses the laws of
probability and three different estimates of a project’s duration
– an optimistic estimate, a most likely estimate, and a
pessimistic estimate. Getting these estimates can be fraught
with human frailty, but when the data is put together, project
schedules can be evaluated in accordance with
the likelihood of success or failure. Therefore, PERT is a pure
risk management technique, as risk deals with probabilities of
failure.

21. Page 1 of 1
MGT3035 Fundamentals of Project Management
© 2013 South University
Project Management: Tools and Techniques
There are several cost estimating and budgeting tools and
techniques.
Cost Estimating Tools and Techniques:
Analogous Estimating: A way of estimating cost by comparing
an activity to a similar
one done in a previous project. This happens when information
is scant.
Resource Cost Rates: This technique uses known costs that are
published elsewhere.
Parametric Estimating: This technique is used when one cost is
known to be a
mathematical function of another. It is expressed as an equation.
Vendor Bid Analysis: This is a “should cost” method based on
market pricing.

22. Reserve Analysis: This technique requires ensuring that care is
taken to not confuse
estimates with risk management.
Cost of Quality: This technique refers to the total cost of all
efforts related to quality.
Cost Budgeting Tools and Techniques:
Cost Aggregation: This technique sums up the activity
estimates bottom-up.
Funding Limit Reconciliation: This technique is especially
important when an overall
budget is decreed early in the top-down process.
Project Budget and Costing
Budgets are ubiquitous to all kinds of management. No matter
what industry, type of organization, or professional discipline a
manager may be involved with, budgeting is
an integral part.
While discussing the traditional value-added tools that project
management has brought to the general management toolkit,
Meredith and Mantel (2009) advocate the
use of adopting general budgeting and cost estimation

23. techniques to the needs of project environments.
In contrast, a few differences stand out in PMBOK® Guide.
Project cost management follows project time management. In
other words, the implication is that budgeting
and cost estimation are accomplished after the schedule is
made. This makes logical sense. Looking closely at the
sequence of processes in the PMBOK® Guide, you will
see it is best to estimate the costs of the individual activities
after activities are listed, sequenced, and scheduled. This is
close to a bottom-up budgeting technique.
An appropriate example of a top-down process is summary
budget which is developed during the planning process. In this
case, it is perfectly likely for an overall budget
to be present by the time scheduling starts. Some of the most
major project management methods occur in iterative fashion.
The sequence in the PMBOK® Guide is
probably the most logical, but reality does not always allow
managers to use perfect logic.
PMBOK® Guide provides several speci�c tools in addition to
what's in the textbook. Tool include analogous estimating,
resource costs rates, parametric estimating,
vendor bid analysis, reserve analysis, cost of quality, cost
aggregation, and funding limit reconciliation. The supplemental
media provide descriptions of these tools.
Additional Materials

24. View a Pdf Transcript of Project Management: Tools and
Techniques. (media/week4/SU_MGT3035_W4_L3_G1.pdf?
_&d2lSessionVal=aVaTmfHd5UkmjmVnoP1XalSFd&ou=85477
)
https://myclasses.southuniversity.edu/content/enforced/85477-
17099880/media/week4/SU_MGT3035_W4_L3_G1.pdf?_&d2lS
essionVal=aVaTmfHd5UkmjmVnoP1XalSFd&ou=85477
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MGT3035 Fundamentals of Project Management
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