HEAT PUMPS IN ENERGY CERTIFICATION OF THE BUILDINGS_SCOP_SEER_28 10 2014LZ

HEAT PUMPS IN
ENERGY CERTIFICATION OF THE BUILDINGS:
REFERENCE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
LUCA ZORDAN - RELEASE 10_2014/00
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
1. DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC
2. Italian Law by Decree No. 28/2011
3. UNI EN 14825 – UNI TS 11300/4
4. Seasonal performance index - SCOP
5. Seasonal performance index – SEER
6. Optimized selection of an Heat Pump in Milan, using “SCOPon” approach
1 04/11/2014

EUROPEAN LEGISLATIONS RELATED TO BUILDINGS
European Community Italia Law
Legge 373/76
Legge 10/91
DPR 412/93
EPBD 2002/91/CE
D.Lgs. 192/2005
D.Lgs. 311/2006
D.P.R. 2 aprile 2009 n. 59
D.M. 26 giugno 2009
DIRECTIVE 2009/28/CE D.Lgs. 28/2011
Recast EPBD 2010/31/UE
2 04/11/2014
Dipl Eng. Luca Zordan

EUROPEAN LEGISLATIONS RELATED TO BUILDINGS
With the recast of the EPBD, the principle of “nearly Zero Energy Buildings” will be
decisive for the development of the building sector.
nZEB means a building that has a very high energy performance and the low amount of
required energy should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable
sources.
EPBD/Article 9.1: Member States shall ensure that by 31 December 2020, all new
buildings will be nZEB and after 31 December 2018, new buildings occupied and owned
by public authorities are nZEB.
3 04/11/2014

DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC
On 23rd April 2009, the EU commission published DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC, also known as
RES Directive (Renewable Energy Sources and part of the implementation of the 20-20-20
targets) on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources.
This Directive:
Sets mandatory national targets for the overall share of
energy from renewable sources in gross final energy
consumption and for the renewable share in transport;
Requires member states to set out a National Action Plan
for renewable energy and identifies the technologies that
are considered part of the systems powered by
renewable sources for the computation and the
verification of achievement of targets;
Introduces the obligatoriness of the certification of
installers who work in the renewable energy sector.
4 04/11/2014

DEFINITIONS
An energy source is called PRIMARY ENERGY when it is present in nature and therefore does
not come from the conversion of any other form of energy. Primary energy is not directly
available for use and must be converted. If conversion has taken place, it is called
SECONDARY ENERGY. If, besides being converted, the energy made available has been
transported to the end users, it is called FINAL ENERGY.
The process of using final energy involves losses such that the USEFUL ENERGY made
available to the system we are interested in is less than the final energy.
PRIMARY
ENERGY
FINAL
ENERGY
Generation Storage Distribution Emission USEFUL ENERGY
hT
hG hS hD
hE
SECONDARY
ENERGY
5 04/11/2014

Solar Energy
and/or other non-fossil
sources
NET ENERGY
DEMAND
Internal Loads
DISPERSIONS
DIRECTIVE
2009/28/CE
USEFUL ENERGY
UNI TS 11300-4
FINAL
ENERGY
Generation Storage Distribution Emission
hT
hG hS hD
USEFUL ENERGY
hE
DEFINITIONS
PRIMARY
ENERGY
SECONDARY
ENERGY
6 04/11/2014

HEAT PUMPS
Heat pumps (as technology that uses renewable energy coming from the air, water and the
ground) have been included in the «RES» Directive and they constitute a technology that
has a significant potential for contribution to energy saving.
Heat pumps are one of the few technologies that can cover entire heating, cooling and
domestic hot water production requirements.
THERMAL
ENERGY
TRANSFERRED
TO THE FLUID
ENERGY
ABSORBED BY THE SOURCE
MECHANICAL
WORK
Schematic representation of
the Energy Flow of a
compression heat pump
7 04/11/2014

CONTRIBUTION FROM HEAT PUMPS TO ACHIEVERES «RES» SHARE
8 04/11/2014

ABOUT ITALY
Italy has undertaken towards the EU to achieve, by 2020, a final
renewable energy consumption level (electricity, heat, transport)
that is 17% of the total final consumption of primary energy, as
well as to promote virtuous consumption strategies aimed at energy
efficiency, to achieve a primary energy saving of 13.4%.
Gross Final Consumption of energy and targets for renewable energy
2005 2008 2020
Consumption
from RES
Gross Final
Consumption
RES/
Consumption
Consumption
from RES
Gross Final
Consumption
RES/
Consumption
Consumption
from RES
Gross Final
Consumption
RES/
Consumption
(Mtoe) (Mtoe) % (Mtoe) (Mtoe) % (Mtoe) (Mtoe) %
6.941 141.226 4.91% 9.001 131.553 6.84% 22.306 131.214 17.00%
SOURCE: Ministry for Economic Development «Summary of National Action Plan for Renewable Energy – June
2010». (abstract)
9 04/11/2014

ITALIAN LAW BY DECREE No. 28/2011
ABOUT ITALY
The EU Directive in question has been implemented in Italy with
ITALIAN LEGISLATIVE DECREE No. 28 of 3 MARCH 2011
(the so-called «Romani Decree») published in the
Official Gazette on 28 March 2011.
This Decree has very considerable importance as it significantly
affects the future of the development of «renewables» in Italy..
Besides introducing considerable changes in the sector (in
particular concerning authorizations and as regards incentives
to be assigned to renewables), it changes Italian Presidential
Decree D.P.R. 59/09 and Italian Legislative Decree Dlgs 192-311
in some parts.
10 04/11/2014

ITALIAN LAW BY DECREE No. 28/2011
ABOUT ITALY – KEY CONTENT
In the case of new buildings or buildings undergoing
considerable renovations, the THERMAL energy production
systems must be designed and made so as to guarantee the
contemporaneous observance of a coverage - using energy
produced by systems powered by renewable sources - of 50% of
the consumption expected for DHW water and of the following
percentages of the SUM of the consumption expected for DHW,
heating and cooling: .
A) 20% when the application for the pertinent building permit is presented after 31/05/2012
B) 35% when the application for the pertinent building permit is presented after 01/01/2014
C) 50% when the application for the pertinent building permit is presented after 01/01/2017
11 04/11/2014

HEAT PUMPS: RENEWABLE SHARE
ERES = QUSABLE * (1 - 1/SPF)
with:
SPF = Seasonal Performance Factor;
QUSABLE = total usable heat delivered by the heat pump.
QUSABLE is only counted for those heat pumps which achieve 115% efficiency, based on
primary energy:
η = yearly defined by EUROSTAT as average value for EU (nowadays is 0,455)
Minimum admitted SPF , with the current values of «η»:
SPFmin = 2,5 for electric Heat Pumps (SPFmin = 1,15 for gas heat pump)
SPF for electric Heat Pumps has to be calculated based on SCOPnet (EN 14825:2012)
12 04/11/2014

UNI TS 11300
THE STANDARD AS A TECHNICAL TOOL…
The UNI TS 11300 Standards, as enforcing tools of Italian Law by Decree n°28, are for all
intents and purposes to be considered national LAWS and are divided into 4 specifications:
UNI TS 11300-1/2008 (being revised): Determination of the thermal energy requirement
of the building for summer and winter air conditioning;
UNI TS 11300-2/2008 (being revised, expired in 2012): Primary energy and efficiency for
winter air conditioning and for domestic hot water production for sanitary use;
UNI TS 11300-3/2010 (being revised): Primary energy and efficiency for summer air
conditioning;
UNI TS 11300-4/2012: Energy Performance of buildings: use of renewable energy and
other methods of generation for winter air conditioning and DHW production.
UNI TS 11300-5: being prepared
13 04/11/2014

UNI TS 11300-4
UNI TS 11300-4 PUBLICATION: 10 May 2012 (BEING REVISED)
TITLE: «Energy Performance of buildings: use of renewable energy and other methods of
generation for winter air conditioning and DHW production»
PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF APPLICATION
Technical specification UNI TS 11300–4 applies to generation sub-systems that supply useful
thermal energy from renewable energy or with generation methods other than the flame
combustion of fossil fuels covered in UNI TS 11300-2, including HPs (whether aeraulic,
geothermal or hydraulic).
The following are also considered:
solar thermal, district heating, biomass,
cogeneration and photovoltaic with
priority as per table alongside:
Prioritya) Generation subsystem Energy production
1 Solar thermal Thermal
2 Cogeneration Cogenerated electrical and thermalb)
3 Biomass combustion Thermal
4 Heat pumps Thermal or refrigeration
5 Fossil fuel heat generators Thermal
a) If the system envisages the use of useful thermal energy from a network (district heating) and
solar energy, priority 1 is assigned to the latter.
b) These specification are applied to cogenerative systems following heat load, that is, adjusted
depending on the heat load. The thermal energy is therefore the basic production.
14 04/11/2014

UNI TS 11300-4
Definition of the boundary of the building-plant system
Technical specification UNI TS 11300-4 considers as boundary of the building the boundary
that delimits all the areas in which useful thermal energy or electrical energy is used or
produced (energy boundary), in accordance with UNI EN 15603.
Key:
1 User
2 Storage
3 Generator
4 Fuel
5 Electrical energy
6 Energy of auxiliary systems
7 Solar thermal collectors
8 Photovoltaic panels
9 Useful thermal energy from network
10 Useful thermal energy removed
11 Evaporative tower
12 Electrical energy from cogeneration
13 Electrical energy from photovoltaic
14 Electricity network
15 Boundary of the system
15 04/11/2014

UNI TS 11300-4
As regards Heat Pumps (aeraulic, geothermal and hydraulic), it is essential to consider, in
11300-4, paragraph 9.4.4 «Performance at reduced load factor CR» and the reference to
UNI EN 14825 (May 2012)
«System» Standards:
UNI-TS 11300-3
UNI-TS 11300-4
«Product» Standard:
EN 14825: Air conditioners, liquid chilling
packages and heat pumps, with electrically
driven compressors, for space heating and
cooling - Testing and rating at part load
conditions and calculation of seasonal
performance; EN 14825:2012
16 04/11/2014

EN 14825:2012
THE SEASONAL PERFORMANCE INDEX “SCOP” IN HEATING
Seasonal performance index (SCOP) should be calculated with the “bin method”
(method of the frequencies of occurrence of the temperature), distributed over the
entire heating season;
One of the three reference climate conditions stated in the standard must be used:
A (Average): Strasbourg (France),
C (Colder): Helsinki (Finland)
W (Warmer): Athens (Greece),
These climate conditions are considered sufficiently representative of the climate of the
whole of Europe.
17 04/11/2014

EN 14825:2012
Distribution of hourly average temperatures in the three reference cities
Frequency distribution of the “bin” for the climatic reference conditions, as
specified by the UNI EN 14825
Hours
Temperature (°C)
18 04/11/2014

EN 14825:2012
External design temperature (θdesign) according to UNI EN 12831:
for A (Average) = - 10°C
for C (Colder) = - 22°C
for W (Warmer) = + 2°C
Internal design temperature: 20°C.
When the external temperature exceeds 15°C, the heating system stops (therefore it is
assumed any heating load Φh when the external temperature is θH,off = 16°C
balancing temperature).
It is assumed that load Φh ranges
linearly from 100%, at the design
temperature (θdesign), to 0% at the
balancing temperature (Figure 1)
θdesign 16
Φh
T [°C]
(Figure1)
100%
19 04/11/2014

EN 14825:2012
«PLR» (Part Load Ratio)
PLR is the ratio between the part load (or total load) divided by the full load, and is calculated
using the following formula:
with:
θe = external air
temperature
θdes = design
temperature
20 04/11/2014

EN 14825:2012
All the standards on the matter and, in particular UNI EN 14825 and UNI/TS 11300-4, require
the heat pump manufacturers supply data regarding at least the operating conditions indicated
in the following table.
Reference conditions for performance data provided by the manufacturer. Heat pumps for
heating only or combined operation.
Cold Souce
Cold source
temperature
Hot source
temperature,
air heating 1)
Hot sorce
temperature,
hydronic heating 2)
Hot sorce
temperature, tap
water 3)
Air -7 2 7 12 20 35 45 55 45 55
Water 5 10 15 20 35 45 55 45 55
Soil/rock -5 0 5 10 20 35 45 55 45 55
1) Return temperature.
2) For at least one of the indicated temperatures. Other suggested data: 25°C, 65°C.
3) For at least one of the indicated temperatures.
Reference conditions for performance data provided by the manufacturer. Heat pumps for
domestic hot water production only.
Heat pumps Cold source temperature (air) hot source temperature, tap water 1) )
TapWater production only 7 15 20 35 55
1) For at least one of the indicated temperatures. Other suggested data: 45°C, 65°C.
21 04/11/2014

EN 14825:2012
With these external temperature values A (-7°C), B (2°C), C (7°C), D 12°C) referred to the
reference climate areas, we obtain the following % ratio of the PLR index:
88%
100%
54%
64%
35%
29%
61%
37%
24%
15%
11%
22 04/11/2014

PLR
%
37
24
64
EN 14825:2012
So, for Air-to-Water Heat Pumps:
Ext. Air Temp.
(Cold source)
°C
Climate
(EN 14825)
Inlet Water Temperature
(warm source) [°C ]
23 04/11/2014

24
EN 14825:2012
BIVALENT TEMPERATURE (Air source)
In a bivalent heat pump system, in which the
heat demand of the user is not met
exclusively by the heat pump but auxiliary
generation systems operate, the bivalent
temperature (θbival) is defined as the
temperature of the cold source at which load
demand can be covered exclusively with the
heat pump.
As we may see in next slides, in this thermal
conditions heat pump operates with load
factor CR = 1.
1 Heat load of the system
2 Design heat load
CR 1 CR 1

EN 14825:2012
MAIN DEFINITIONS
- COP’ (Coefficient of performance at declared capacity): ratio between the heating
capacity delivered by the HP at full load and the absorbed electrical power, at the
indicated specific external air temperature conditions;
- COPPL (Coefficient of performance at part load): ratio between the heating capacity
delivered by the HP at part load and the absorbed electrical power, at the indicated
specific external air temperature conditions;
- TOL (Operating Temperature Limit): operating temperature limit of the HP (related to
the cold source) declared by the manufacturer – stopping temperature limit.
- P (power required by the system) [kW]
- f (heating capacity required by the system) [kW]
- f’H, design (design heat load of the system) [kW]
- (Temperature of the hot well: delivery side of the HP)
- (Temperature of the cold source)
qc
qf
25 04/11/2014

EN 14825:2012
MAIN DEFINITIONS
- DC (Declared Capacity): Maximum heating capacity of the heat pump in the operating
conditions specified by the manufacturer;
- SCOPnet (Net seasonal coefficient of performance): seasonal coefficient of performance
calculated with reference to just the active operating period excluding consumption due to
any additional electric heaters.
- SCOPon (Active function seasonal coefficient of performance): seasonal coefficient of
performance calculated with reference to just the active operating period including
consumption due to any additional electric heaters.
- SCOP (Seasonal coefficient of performance): seasonal coefficient of performance calculated
with reference to the whole heating period, including consumption due to any additional
electric heaters and including any consumption during periods when there is no demand for
heat, periods of stand-by, consumption due to active auxiliary systems during switch-off
periods, and consumption due to a crankcase heater if there is one.
26 04/11/2014

EN 14825:2012
MAIN DEFINITIONS
Elbu (Tj) = power of the electric heater [kW]
Heating Energy Demand (kWh)
Consumed Electrical Energy (kWh)
27 04/11/2014

EN 14825:2012
MAIN DEFINITIONS
- CR (Capacity Ratio - Heat Pump Load factor). This is the ratio between the heating
capacity required by the user to the HP «F» (load) in the specific operating conditions
and the nominal heating capacity of the HP declared by the manufacturer «DC» in the
same temperature conditions.
Example (bivalent temperature = -8°C)
External Water Output PLR Power required Max heating capacity
CR
F
DC
Temperature Temperature (QDESIGN=-10°C)
by the system
(F)
deliverable by the HP
(DC)
(°C) (°C) % kW kW
CR =
JDESIGN -10 35 100% 5.00 4.50 1.11
A -7 35 88% 4.40 4.80 0.92
B 2 35 54% 2.70 6.24 0.43
C 7 35 35% 1.77 7.18 0.24
D 12 35 15% 0.75 8.11 0.09
NOTE: CR is in general different from the climate factor PLR as the nominal heating capacity of the pump can be
different from the design heating capacity and, in any case, it changes as the temperatures of the sources change.
28 04/11/2014

EN 14825:2012
Dependence of the full load COP on temperature
For determination of performance at full load in different temperature conditions from the
declared ones, in the case of refrigerant compression electrical absorption HPs, it is
possible to:
1) carry out linear interpolation between the declared values, or:
2) use second law efficiency; the maximum theoretical COP
between two sources (ideal Carnot cycle, Figure 2) is in fact given
by the following relation:
Second law efficiency is defined by the relation:
COP in
intermediate
conditions:
Figure 2: Ideal Carnot cycle
29 04/11/2014

EN 14825:2012
Dependence of the full load COP on temperature
EXAMPLE 1: interpolation between two different temperatures of the hot source, with the
same cold source, using second law efficiency
qf -7 2 7 12
COP1 3,6 4,5 5,4 6,5
DC1 [kW] 8,8 10,2 12 13,6
hII,1 0,491 0,482 0,491 0,485
COP2 3,0 3,6 4,1 4,8
DC2 [kW] 7,8 9,3 11,2 13,2
hII,2 0,490 0,486 0,490 0,498
hII,X 0,490 0,483 0,490 0,489
COPX 3,4 4,2 4,9 5,9
qc,1 = 35°C
qc,2 = 45°C
qc,X = 38°C
EXAMPLE 2: interpolation between two different temperatures of the cold source, with the
same hot source, using second law efficiency
qf -7 -3 0 2
COP1 3,6 3,95 4,26 4,5
DC1 [kW] 8,8 10,2
hII,1 0,491 0,487 0,484 0,482
qc = 35°C
30 04/11/2014

EN 14825:2012
Dependence of the COP on the load factor (CR1)
When, due to fixed working conditions, the applied load is
less than the maximum capacity that the HP can supply,
the COP changes and, to determine the performance of
the machine, a corrective factor must be used:
COPPL = f * COP
where:
COPPL = value of the COP at part load
COP = value of the COP at full load
CR 1
the value of the corrective factor can be established:
a) according to the data provided by the manufacturer;
b) according to the calculation models, when these data are not provided.
CR 1
31 04/11/2014

EN 14825:2012
a) CR at part load conditins (CR 1) according to the data provided by the manufacturer;
Followind tags have to be respected (Cfr. UNI EN14825, A ”Average” climate area):
Desing Temperature: - 10 °C ;
PLR referred to -7 (A), 2 (B), +7(C), +12 (D);
Bivalent temperature fixed at -7°C;
Delacred Capacity(DC) and COP referred to 4 temperatures (A), (B), (C), (D).
32 04/11/2014

EN 14825:2012
b) Calculation of CR at reduced load (CR 1) according to the calculation models when
data provided by the manufacturer are not available
In this case, for air/water, water/water heat pumps , we proceed as follows:
Corrective Factor
where:
COPA,B,C,D COP in conditions A, B, C, D according to prEN 14825:2010
COPDC COP at full load, declared in the temperature to which the performance at part load relates
Cc Declared correction factor. If not provided, it is assumed to be 0.9
CR Capacity ratio
NOTE: For variable capacity heat pumps (INVERTER HPs) if the data envisaged by UNI EN 14825 are
not available, a corrective coefficient of 1 up to the load factor CR = 0.5 (or up to the minimum
modulation value if this is different from 0.5) is assumed. Below this value of CR , we proceed as in
previous point .
33 04/11/2014

EN 14825:2012
b) Calculation of CR at reduced load (CR 1) according to the calculation models when
data provided by the manufacturer are not available
34 04/11/2014

EN 14825:2012
SCOP - SEASONAL COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE
Calculation of the
SEASONAL COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE (SCOP)
of electrical refrigerant compression Heat Pumps according to EN 14825.
35 04/11/2014

EN 14825:2012
INPUT
Climate Condition referred to
the reference city
Declared Performace of the HP
unit
ALGORITHM OUTPUT
SCOPON
SCOPNET
36 04/11/2014

EN 14825:2012
EXAMPLE:
Calculation of SCOPON and SCOPNET for an air-water (step) heat pump, used for heating by
radiant panels is presented by way of example.
Reference climatic conditions A (Average / Strasbourg);
Design capacity of Φdesign = 5 kW at temperature θdesignA = – 10 °C;
Bivalent temperature = -8°C;
Fixed water delivery temperature: 35°C;
Operating Temperature Limit (TOL): -20°C.
Table of the input data and of the main coefficients obtained for calculation of the SCOP according to EN14825
AVERAGE
External Air
Temperature
Outlet water
Temperature
PLR Heating Capacity
required
by the system
Maximum heating
capacity by the HP
Declared
COP CR fCOP*
COP
part load
(QDESIGN=-10°C)
(COPDC) (COPPL)
(°C) (°C) % kW kW
TOL -20 35
JDESIGN -10 35 100% 5.00 4.50 2.92 1.11 1.01 2.95
A -7 35 88% 4.40 4.80 3.09 0.92 0.99 3.06
B 2 35 54% 2.70 6.24 3.99 0.43 0.88 3.52
C 7 35 35% 1.75 7.18 4.54 0.24 0.76 3.45
D 12 35 15% 0.75 8.11 5.19 0.09 0.51 2.66
JBIVALENT -8 35 92% 4.60 4.65 3.03 0.99 1.00 3.03
37 04/11/2014

EN 14825:2012
EXAMPLE:
T design -10 °C
T bivalent -8 °C
T OL -20,00 °C
Pdesign 5,0 kW
Temp Acqua 35,0 °C
CC=0,9
CAPACITY COP*
Phol 3,52 kW 2,34
Phbiv 4,70 kW 3,03
PhA 4,80 kW 3,09
PhB 6,24 kW 3,99
PhC 7,18 kW 4,54
PhD 8,11 kW 5,19
*COP values already integrate degradation for on/off cycling
Distribution of hourly temperatures (bin)
Hours
38 04/11/2014

Bin
EN 14825:2012
Outdoor
temperature
(dry bulb)
hours
PLR
Heating demand of
the building Heating
Capacity of
Heat Pump
CR
Capacity
of electrical
heater
Annual
Capacity
of electrical
heater COP fCORR,
COP
COPPL
Annual
Heating
demand of
the building
Annual Heating
demand of the
building
Witout h.e.
Annual power
input with
electrical
heater
Annual power
input without
electrical
heater
(Tj-16)/
(Tdesign-16)
PLR*Pdesign
j Tj hj
(%)
Ph(Tj) elbu(Tj) hj * elbu(Tj) hj*Ph(Tj)
- °C hr kW kW kW kWh kWh kWh kWh kWh
9 -22 0 146% 7,31 3,32 2,20 7,31 0,0 0,00 1,00 0,00 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
10 -21 0 142% 7,12 3,42 2,08 7,12 0,0 0,00 1,00 0,00 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
11 -20 0 138% 6,92 3,52 1,97 3,40 0,0 2,34 1,00 2,34 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
12 -19 0 135% 6,73 3,62 1,86 3,11 0,0 2,40 1,00 2,40 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
13 -18 0 131% 6,54 3,72 1,76 2,82 0,0 2,46 1,00 2,46 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
14 -17 0 127% 6,35 3,82 1,66 2,53 0,0 2,51 1,00 2,51 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
15 -16 0 123% 6,15 3,91 1,57 2,24 0,0 2,57 1,00 2,57 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
16 -15 0 119% 5,96 4,01 1,49 1,95 0,0 2,63 1,00 2,63 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
17 -14 0 115% 5,77 4,11 1,40 1,66 0,0 2,69 1,00 2,69 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
18 -13 0 112% 5,58 4,21 1,33 1,37 0,0 2,74 1,00 2,74 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
19 -12 0 108% 5,38 4,31 1,25 1,08 0,0 2,80 1,00 2,80 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
20 -11 0 104% 5,19 4,41 1,18 0,79 0,0 2,86 1,00 2,86 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
21 -10 1 100% 5,00 4,50 1,11 0,50 0,5 2,92 1,00 2,92 5,0 4,5 2,0 1,5
22 -9 25 96% 4,81 4,60 1,04 0,21 5,2 2,97 1,00 2,97 120,2 115,0 43,8 38,7
23 -8 23 92% 4,62 4,70 0,98 0,00 0,0 3,03 1,00 3,03 106,2 106,2 35,1 35,1
24 -7 24 88% 4,42 4,80 0,92 0,00 0,00 3,09 0,99 3,06 106,2 106,2 34,6 34,6
25 -6 27 85% 4,23 4,96 0,85 0,00 0,0 3,19 0,98 3,14 114,2 114,2 36,4 36,4
26 -5 68 81% 4,04 5,12 0,79 0,00 0,0 3,29 0,97 3,20 274,6 274,6 85,7 85,7
27 -4 91 77% 3,85 5,28 0,73 0,00 0,0 3,39 0,96 3,27 350,0 350,0 107,1 107,1
28 -3 89 73% 3,65 5,44 0,67 0,00 0,0 3,49 0,95 3,33 325,2 325,2 97,7 97,7
29 -2 165 69% 3,46 5,60 0,62 0,00 0,0 3,59 0,94 3,38 571,2 571,2 168,9 168,9
30 -1 173 65% 3,27 5,76 0,57 0,00 0,0 3,69 0,93 3,43 565,6 565,6 165,0 165,0
31 0 240 62% 3,08 5,92 0,52 0,00 0,0 3,79 0,92 3,47 738,5 738,5 212,8 212,8
32 1 280 58% 2,88 6,08 0,47 0,00 0,0 3,89 0,90 3,50 807,7 807,7 230,6 230,6
33 2 320 54% 2,69 6,24 0,43 0,00 0,00 3,99 0,88 3,53 861,5 861,5 244,4 244,4
34 3 357 50% 2,50 6,43 0,39 0,00 0,0 4,10 0,86 3,54 892,5 892,5 251,9 251,9
35 4 356 46% 2,31 6,62 0,35 0,00 0,0 4,21 0,84 3,55 821,5 821,5 231,6 231,6
36 5 303 42% 2,12 6,80 0,31 0,00 0,0 4,32 0,82 3,54 641,0 641,0 181,3 181,3
37 6 330 38% 1,92 6,99 0,28 0,00 0,0 4,43 0,79 3,51 634,6 634,6 181,0 181,0
38 7 326 35% 1,73 7,18 0,24 0,00 0,00 4,54 0,76 3,45 564,2 564,2 163,4 163,4
39 8 348 31% 1,54 7,37 0,21 0,00 0,0 4,67 0,73 3,39 535,4 535,4 158,1 158,1
40 9 335 27% 1,35 7,55 0,18 0,00 0,0 4,80 0,68 3,29 451,0 451,0 137,3 137,3
41 10 315 23% 1,15 7,74 0,15 0,00 0,0 4,93 0,64 3,14 363,5 363,5 115,8 115,8
42 11 215 19% 0,96 7,92 0,12 0,00 0,0 5,06 0,58 2,93 206,7 206,7 70,4 70,4
43 12 169 15% 0,77 8,11 0,09 0,00 0,00 5,19 0,51 2,66 130,0 130,0 49,0 49,0
44 13 151 12% 0,58 8,30 0,07 0,00 0,0 5,32 0,43 2,28 87,1 87,1 38,3 38,3
45 14 105 8% 0,38 8,48 0,05 0,00 0,0 5,45 0,32 1,76 40,4 40,4 23,0 23,0
46 15 74 4% 0,19 8,67 0,02 0,00 0,0 5,58 0,18 1,03 14,2 14,2 13,8 13,8
S == 10.328 10.322 3.079 3.073
SCOPon SCOPnet
3,35 3,36
39 04/11/2014

EN 14825:2012
SEER - SEASONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY RATIO
Calculation of the
SEASONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY RATIO (SEER)
of electrical water chiller according to EN 14825.
40 04/11/2014

EN 14825:2012
REFERENCE TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION: UNI TS 11300-3
Primary energy and efficiency for summer air conditioning;
SCOPE OF APPLICATION
- Deals in a structured and systematic way with the summer behaviour of the building and in
particular of the system installed therein for maintenance of optimal environmental conditions;
- Provides data and methods for the determination:
of the efficiency and energy requirements of summer air conditioning systems;
of the primary energy requirements for summer air conditioning;
This applies only to fixed summer air conditioning systems with electrically operated or
absorption refrigerating machines.
These systems can be alternatively:
newly designed;
restored;
existing.
41 04/11/2014

EN 14825:2012
CALCULATION METHOD
The Technical Specification identifies system efficiency and relevant energy requirement
proceeding in a similar way to what already takes place for the analysis of heating systems, by
sub-dividing the system into various system sub-systems, with particular attention to the
generation sub-system. The specific energy requirement value for air handling is added to the
basic calculation of energy necessary for cooling.
The primary energy requirement for summer air conditioning is determined as the sum of the
contributions (corrected by the conversion factor from primary energy to electrical energy) of
the electrical energy requirements of the auxiliary systems, of the actual energy requirements
for cooling and for air handling.
Cooling Energy Demand (kWh)
Consumed Electrical Energy (kWh)
42 04/11/2014

EN 14825:2012
PROCEDURE
Nominal Chiller Cooling Capacity
(Aria 35°C, Acqua 7°C, DT=5K) ;
EER at full load, at External Air temperature of
35-30-25-20°C (EERDC)
Insert the hourly temperatures distribution (bin)
Calculate «Partial Load Ratio (X)» and
«Capacity Ratio (Y)»
Calcolate required cooling capacity
Pc(Tj)=Pdesignc * Pl(Tj);
Calculate the maximum efficiency expected in the
ideal Carnot cycle: EERMAX= (qf+273,16)/(qc-qf);
Calcolate performance of the second principle
hII = EERDC / EERMAX in the 4 Bin point where EERDC are
declaredbymanufacture; then interpolate to find
efficiency ratio in all other Bin - EERDC(Tj).
Calcolate EERDC_T(j):
EERDC_T(j) = hII * EERMAX_T(j);
Calcolate indecies:
EERbin_(Tj) = Y * EERDC_(Tj);
• Colling Energy required to the the building
Qc(Tj)=hj * Pc(Tj) [kWh]
• Elecrtical Energy consumed by unit
Qe(Tj)=hj * (Pc(Tj)/EERbin) [kWh];
SEER = SQc(Tj) / SQe(Tj)
NB: below 20°C e over 35°C values are considered constant
INPUT
43 04/11/2014

EN 14825:2012
EXAMPLE: SEER Calculation according to EN14825 for a residential building in Venice
Pdesignc = 6,20kW / Tdesignc = 35°C / Wtemp=7°C, DT=5K
EERDC,20°C = 5,46, EERDC,25°C = 4,67, EERDC,30°C = 3,88, EERDC,35°C = 3,26)
Bin
Outdoor
temperature
(dry bulb)
hours
Partial Load
Ratio (X)
Capacity Ratio
(Y)
Cooling Demand
of the Building
Cooling Capacity
of the Chiller
EERMAX
(Carnot cycle)
hII EERDC EERbin Annual Cooling
Demand of the
building
Annual Power Input
of chiller
(Tj-16)/
(Tdesignc-16) Pl/(CC*Pl + (1-CC)) Pdesignc * Pl(Tj) (qf+273,16)/(qc-qf) hII =
EERDC/EERMAX
Y * EERDC
j Tj hj Pl(Tj) Pc(Tj) hj*Pc(Tj) hj*(Pc(Tj)/EERbin)
- °C hr (%) kW kW kWh kWh
5 17 163 5% 0,36 0,33 7,40 28,02 0,25 7,00 2,50 53,19 21,26
6 18 230 11% 0,54 0,65 7,35 25,47 0,25 6,37 3,44 150,11 43,61
7 19 277 16% 0,65 0,98 7,30 23,35 0,25 5,84 3,81 271,17 71,24
8 20 283 21% 0,73 1,31 7,25 21,55 0,25 5,46 3,97 369,39 93,02
9 21 283 26% 0,78 1,63 7,20 20,01 0,26 5,26 4,11 461,74 112,43
10 22 276 32% 0,82 1,96 7,15 18,68 0,27 5,08 4,18 540,38 129,40
11 23 264 37% 0,85 2,28 7,10 17,51 0,28 4,93 4,21 603,03 143,38
12 24 260 42% 0,88 2,61 7,05 16,48 0,29 4,79 4,21 678,74 161,15
17 25 218 47% 0,90 2,94 7,00 15,56 0,30 4,67 4,20 640,23 152,33
18 26 177 53% 0,92 3,26 6,92 14,75 0,30 4,48 4,11 577,58 140,57
19 27 114 58% 0,93 3,59 6,84 14,01 0,31 4,31 4,01 409,20 101,93
36 28 105 63% 0,94 3,92 6,76 13,34 0,31 4,15 3,92 411,16 104,83
37 29 66 68% 0,96 4,24 6,68 12,73 0,31 4,01 3,83 279,98 73,06
38 30 60 74% 0,97 4,57 6,60 12,18 0,32 3,88 3,75 274,11 73,17
39 31 38 79% 0,97 4,89 6,53 11,67 0,32 3,74 3,64 186,00 51,12
40 32 7 84% 0,98 5,22 6,46 11,21 0,32 3,60 3,54 36,55 10,34
41 33 4 89% 0,99 5,55 6,39 10,78 0,32 3,48 3,44 22,19 6,45
42 34 2 95% 0,99 5,87 6,32 10,38 0,32 3,37 3,35 11,75 3,51
43 35 0 100% 1,00 6,20 6,25 10,01 0,33 3,26 3,26 0,00 0,00
44 36 0 105% 1,01 6,53 6,18 9,66 0,33 3,19 3,20 0,00 0,00
45 37 0 111% 1,01 6,85 6,11 9,34 0,33 3,08 3,11 0,00 0,00
46 38 0 116% 1,01 7,18 6,04 9,04 0,33 2,98 3,02 0,00 0,00
S == 5.976,47 1.492,80
SEERON 4,01
44 04/11/2014

HEAT PUMPS IN ENERGY CERTIFICATION OF BUILDINGS:
With UNI TS 11300 there is an Important cultural shift from “punctual” performance
By the «product standard» EN14825, it’s possible to implement a method to compare
both products of different companies but also different technologies behave at partial
In HPs, it is very important to optimally define the bivalent temperature in order to
Release 06_2014
CONSIDERATIONS:
efficiency concept (not significant), to a weighted average seasonal“ logic;
The system must be designed to work efficiently even at part loads;
load (e.g. cps VS cps, hydronic VS direct expansion, etc.).
optimize consumption: SCOPon is therefore a valid tool.
45 04/11/2014

OPTIMIZED SELECTION OF AN HEAT PUMP IN MILAN
by using “SCOPon APPROACH”
46 04/11/2014

OPTIMIZED SELECTION OF AN HEAT PUMP IN MILAN, by using
“SCOPon APPROACH”
THE QUESTIONS ARE:
- With reference to SCOP calculation method applied to heat pumps, considering a given
design temperature, it’s better to select a large heat pump or it’s better a smaller with
electrical heater in addition?
- What is the tool that guides us in an energy-conscious selection?
I’VE TRIED TO REPLY THESE QUESTIONS INTRODUCING A NEW ENERGY APPROACH TO
SELECT AN ELECTRIC HEAT PUMP: APPROACH BASED ON SCOPon.
47 04/11/2014

INTRODUCTION - SCOP
As is known SCOP (Seasonal Coefficient of Performance) describes the heat pump's average
annual efficiency performance.
SCOP is therefore an expression for how efficient a specific heat pump will be for a given
heating demand profile, so in a specific geographical area.
More precisely, it’s defined two different types of SCOP: SCOPon and SCOPnet.
Next slides will show the right definition, but remember that the first one (SCOPon) takes
into account the contribution - in terms of energy consumption - of any additional
electrical heaters.
48 04/11/2014

INTRODUCTION - Bivalent Temperature
In addition, we have to remember the meaning of «Bivalent Temperature». The point
where the heat pump's capacity corresponds exactly to the heating demand is known as
the bivalent point. At temperatures below the bivalent point, the heat pump's capacity
has to be supplemented by backup heating. In the SCOP calculation this is included as pure
electric heating with a COP value of 1,
regardless of whether or not the heat
pump has an electric heating element.
For higher temperatures the heat pump
will run in part load, which SCOP also
takes into account. These conditions are
illustrated in the figure below
49 04/11/2014

APPLICATION:
OFFICE BUILDING
LOCATION:
Milan (Italy)
Working Days
Saturday
Sunday holudays
OPERATING TIMES
ON OFF
OPEN
CLOSE
50 04/11/2014

Night
Daytime
Temperature (°C)
Temperature (°C)
UR % Hours
APPLICATION:
OFFICE BUILDING
Annual Operating
Hours Daytime 2670
Hours Night 291
Totale Hours 2961
51 04/11/2014

OPERATING TIMES
ON OFF
APPLICATION:
HOTEL
LOCATION:
Milan (Italy)
OPEN
CLOSE
Working Days
Saturday
Sunday holudays
52 04/11/2014

Night
Daytime
Hours UR % Temperature (°C)
Temperature (°C)
APPLICATION:
HOTEL
Annual Operating
Hours Daytime 4116
Hours Night 4116
Totale Hours 8232
53 04/11/2014

1. DEFINE VARIABLES NEEDED TO CALCULATE “SCOPon” WITH REFERENCE TO EN 14825
Outdoor
Temperature
Water
temperature
supplied
Partial Load
Ratio (PLR)
Heating
Building
Capacity
(°C) (°C) % kW
TOL -15 45
JDESIGN -5 45 100% 58,0
A -7 45 - 63,5
B 2 45 67% 38,7
C 7 45 43% 24,9
D 12 45 19% 11,0
2. IT’S BEEN SELECTED Nr. 5 DIFFERENTE BIVALENT TEMPERATURES:
-5°C / -2°C / 0°C / +2°C / +5°C
54 04/11/2014

3. SELECT AIR/WATER HEAT PUMP UNIT “GEYSER 2 HT” - DEPENDING SIZE ON DIFFERENT
BIVALENT TEMPERATURES
Resulting in selection No. 5 different sizes of Heat Pump:
Geyser 2 HT 90
Geyser 2 HT 32
Geyser 2 HT 70
Heating Capacity of Heat Pump
Geyser 2 HT 60
Geyser 2 HT 50
JBIV = -5 JBIV = -2 JBIV = 0 JBIV = 2 JBIV = 5
Geyser 2 HT 90 Geyser 2 HT 70 Geyser 2 HT 60 Geyser 2 HT 50 Geyser 2 HT 32
[kW]
PTOL [kW] 48,9 36,5 32,0 27,3 19,6
COPTOL 2,36 2,22 2,29 2,36 2,20
PBIV [kW] 60,5 48,4 44,4 38,4 29,5
COPBIV 2,84 2,90 3,11 3,21 3,35
PA [kW] 58,1 43,7 38,4 32,2 23,4
COPBIV,A 2,75 2,62 2,71 2,74 2,63
PB [kW] 70,0 52,4 46,2 38,4 27,9
COPBIV,B 3,24 3,14 3,24 3,21 3,16
PC [kW] 77,4 57,7 51,1 42,3 30,7
COPBIV,C 3,57 3,47 3,58 3,53 3,50
PD [kW] 85,5 63,3 56,3 46,5 33,6
COPBIV,D 3,92 3,84 3,95 3,82 3,84
55 04/11/2014

4. GET Nr. 5 PARAMETRIC STRAIGHT:
56 04/11/2014

5. CALCULATION OF “SCOPon” FOR EACH HEAT PUMP SIZE
Annual Heating
demand of the building
OFFICE BUILDING HOTEL
UFFICI HOTEL
Annual Heat Pump
Capacity
Annual power input with
electrical heater
Annual power input
without electrical heater
Annual Heating
demand of the building
Annual Heat Pump
Capacity
Annual power input with
electrical heater
Annual power input
without electrical heater
kWh kWh kWh kWh kWh kWh kWh kWh
35.427 35.427 12.584 12.584 54.368 54.368 19.306 19.306
SCOPon SCOPnet SCOPon SCOPnet
2,82 2,82 2,82 2,82
35.427 35.331 12.161 12.065 54.368 54.260 18.620 18.512
2,91 2,93 2,92 2,93
35.427 34.922 11.810 11.306 54.368 53.745 18.001 17.378
3,00 3,09 3,02 3,09
35.427 33.942 12.292 10.807 54.368 52.313 18.691 16.636
2,88 3,14 2,91 3,14
35.427 30.255 14.522 9.350 54.368 46.746 22.044 14.422
2,44 3,24 2,47 3,24
ITEM 1
ITEM 2
ITEM 3
ITEM 4
ITEM 5
57 04/11/2014

Application : OFFICE BUILGING
Applying this analytical “SCOPon” approach, it is clear that the selection energetically more
convenient is on model GEYSER 2 HT 60, corresponding of a Tbivalent = 0°C
Annual Power Input with Electrical heater and SCOPon
• Point of Minimum Energy
consumption
• Point of Maximum
SCOPon value
2,82 2,91 3,00 2,88
2,44
6. RESULTS:
15
13
11
9
7
5
3
1
-5 -2 0 2 5
MWh/year
Annual Power Input with Elect heater SCOP_on
58 04/11/2014

7. COMBINED RESULTS: A p p l i c a t i o n : O F F I C E B U I L G I N G + Application : HOTEL
59 04/11/2014

7. REMARKS:
This is an analytical method that could be applied to optimize the heat pump selection.
However, it’s essentially defined only for heating.
In Italy, the application of the reversible heat pump (for combined use in summer and
winter) is much preferred and used in respect to just heating applications.
The strong sensible and latent loads in our beautiful country during summer, heavily
influence the selection of the size of the unit and very often the summer load is by far
predominant compared to the winter load.
WHAT DO DO?
It’s not a simple question but some proposals or
better, Hypothesys - could be:
- Multiple HP units (in parallel);
- Ice storage Bank
60 04/11/2014

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
DIRETTIVA 2009/28/CE del Parlamento europeo e del Consiglio, del 23 Aprile 2009, sulla promozione
dell'uso dell'energia proveniente dalle fonti rinnovabili, recante modifica e successiva abrogazione
delle Direttive 2001/77/CE e 2003/30/CE.
DECRETO LEGISLATIVO 3 marzo 2011, n. 28. Attuazione della direttiva 2009/28/CE sulla promozione
dell'uso dell'energia da fonti rinnovabili, recante modifica e successiva abrogazione delle direttive
2001/77/CE e 2003/30/CE.
UNI/TS 11300-3/2010. Prestazioni energetiche degli edifici. Parte 3. Determinazione del fabbisogno di
energia primaria e dei rendimenti per la climatizzazione estiva.
UNI/TS 11300-4/2012. Prestazioni energetiche degli edifici. Parte 4. Utilizzo di energie rinnovabili e di
altri metodi di generazione per il riscaldamento di ambienti e preparazione acqua calda sanitaria.
prEN 14825. Air conditioner, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps, with electrically driven
compressors, for space heating and cooling. Testing and rating at part load conditions and calculation
of seasonal performance.
UNI EN 12831. Impianti di riscaldamento negli edifici - Metodo di calcolo del carico termico di progetto.
«Il quadro normativo per l’efficienza energetica e la variabilità dei carichi negli impianti di
climatizzazione» - M. De Carli, Università degli studi di Padova, 27 Novembre 2013
Gazzetta Ufficiale dell’Unione europea 06.03.2013 – Decisione della Commissione del 01 Marzo 2013.
61 04/11/2014

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION
luca.zordan@swegon.it
62 04/11/2014

HEAT PUMPS IN ENERGY CERTIFICATION OF THE BUILDINGS_SCOP_SEER_28 10 2014LZ

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