This document explores the open knowledge landscape, discussing various open initiatives including open educational resources (OER), open online courses (MOOCs), open data, open access scholarly works, open source software, and open government. It notes that the open education movement is rooted in expanding access to high-quality education as a human right. Various open licenses, definitions, policies, and projects related to these areas are referenced. Challenges to openness like lack of diversity and inclusion in open communities are also acknowledged. The document advocates for sharing knowledge more openly in order to fulfill a moral duty to make privileges like education available to all.

1. Exploring the Open
Knowledge Landscape
by
Lorna M. Campbell
University of Edinburgh

2. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0, Lawrence OP, https://www.flickr.com/photos/paullew/6233663321/

3. "I like crossing the
imaginary boundaries
people set up between
different fields—it's very
refreshing. There are lots
of tools, and you don't
know which one would
work. It's about being
optimistic and trying to
connect things.”
Maryam Mirzakhani: A Tenacious
Explorer of Abstract Surfaces,
https://www.quantamagazine.org/201
40812-a-tenacious-explorer-of-
abstract-surfaces/

4. • Open licenses
• Open educational resources
• Open education policy and practice
• Open textbooks
• Open badges
• Open online courses
• MOOCs (a very contested open space.)
• Open data
• Open science
• Open Access scholarly works
• Open source software
• Open standards
• Open government
• Open GLAM
CC BY 2.0, iamdogjunkie, https://www.flickr.com/photos/lamdogjunkie/9728621392/

5. open education and OER

6. Cape Town +10, http://www.capetowndeclaration.org/cpt10/

7. “The worldwide OER movement is rooted in the human right to
access high-quality education. The Open Education Movement is
not just about cost savings and easy access to openly licensed
content; it’s about participation and co-creation.”
OER Commons, https://www.oercommons.org/

8. "teaching, learning and
research materials in any
medium, digital or
otherwise, that reside in
the public domain or have
been released under an
open license that permits
no-cost access, use,
adaptation and
redistribution by others
with no or limited
restrictions.”
~ UNESCO
UNESCO OER, http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/access-to-knowledge/open-
educational-resources/

9. Ljubljana OER Action Plan, https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/ljubljana_oer_action_plan_2017.pdf

10. United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 4, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg4

11. Qian Tang, CC BY, Slovenian Press Agency
“To meet the education challenges,
we can’t use the traditional way. In
remote and developing areas,
particularly for girls and women,
OER are a crucial, crucial means to
reach SDGs. OER are the key.”

12. CC0, https://pixabay.com/en/creative-commons-licenses-icons-by-783531/
“To meet the education challenges,
we can’t use the traditional way. In
remote and developing areas,
particularly for girls and women,
OER are a crucial, crucial means to
reach SDGs. OER are the key.”

13. “Free is not the most
important thing about
OER, it's the permission
to modify.”
Ryan Merkley, CC BY, Slovenian Press Agency

14. © University of Edinburgh
The University of
Edinburgh aims to provide
the highest quality
learning and teaching
environment for the
greater wellbeing of our
students, and to make a
significant, sustainable
and socially responsible
contribution to Scotland,
the UK and the world.
https://www.ed.ac.uk/about/mission-governance/mission

15. Open.Ed, https://open.ed.ac.uk/

16. Solvonauts, https://solvonauts.org/

17. open textbooks

18. SPARC, https://sparcopen.org/

19. UK Open Textbooks, http://ukopentextbooks.org/

20. BC Campus Open Textbooks, https://open.bccampus.ca/find-open-textbooks/

21. PressBooks, https://pressbooks.com/pressbooks-open-source-plugin/

22. MOOCs

23. MOOC: Every Letter Is Negotiable, CC BY 2.0, Mathieu Plourde, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MOOC_poster_mathplourde.jpg

24. Media Hopper Create, https://media.ed.ac.uk/

25. 23 Things for Digital Knowledge, https://www.23things.ed.ac.uk/

26. DS106, http://ds106.us/

27. Reclaim Hosting, https://reclaimhosting.com/, CC BY, @BryanMMathers

28. Open Access scholarly
works

30. Innovating
with
Open Knowledge
Innovating with Open Knowledge, https://openinnovation.is.ed.ac.uk/

31. open data

32. The Open Definition, https://opendefinition.org/

34. Open Government Partnership, https://www.opengovpartnership.org/

35. Humanitarian Open Street map Team, https://www.hotosm.org/

36. http://education.websites.okfn.org/files/2015/11/Book-Open-Data-as-Open-Educational-Resources1.pdf

37. Education in Open Government Partnership Commitments, L. Havemann, http://sched.co/Dpby

38. Wikimedia

39. Wikimedia, https://www.wikimedia.org/

40. Histropedia, http://histropedia.com/

41. Wikimedia UK, https://wikimedia.org.uk/

42. CC BY, Ewan McAndrew

43. WikiProject Women in Red, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Women_in_Red

44. 1. A lack of user-friendliness in the editing
interface.
2. Not having enough free time.
3. A lack of self-confidence.
4. Aversion to conflict and an unwillingness
to participate in lengthy edit wars.
5. Belief that their contributions are too
likely to be reverted or deleted.
6. Some find its overall
atmosphere misogynistic.
7. Wikipedia culture is sexual in ways they
find off-putting.
8. Being addressed as male is off-putting to
women whose primary language has
grammatical gender.
9. Fewer opportunities than other sites for
social relationships and a welcoming tone.
9 Reasons women don’t edit Wikipedia (in their own
words), Sue Gardner,
https://suegardner.org/2011/02/19/nine-reasons-why-
women-dont-edit-wikipedia-in-their-own-words/
CC BY SA, JayWalsh,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sue
_Gardner_May_2008_A_crop.jpg

45. Open Initiatives for Decolonising the Curriculum, Pat Lockley

46. Open Source Survey, http://opensourcesurvey.org/2017/#insights

48. Programmed Inequality, Marie Hicks, http://mariehicks.net/

49. Those with access to these
resources — students, librarians,
scientists — you have been given
a privilege. You get to feed at this
banquet of knowledge while the
rest of the world is locked out.
But you need not — indeed,
morally, you cannot — keep this
privilege for yourselves. You have
a duty to share it with the world.
Guerilla Open Access Manifesto, Aaron Swartz,
https://openaccessmanifesto.wordpress.com/

51. Bassel Khartabil, CC BY, Joi Ito,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bassel_Khartabil_(Safadi).jpg

52. #NEWPALMYRA, https://www.newpalmyra.org/

53. CC 0, http://www.newpalmyra.org/

54. Omar Ibrahim & Julien Taquet, CC0, http://costoffreedom.cc/

55. Bassel Khartabil Fellowships and Memorial Fund
https://creativecommons.org/about/bassel-khartabil-fellowships-memorial-fund/

56. Bassel Khartabil Free Culture
Fellowship:
• Majd Al-shihabi
Bassel Khartabil Memorial Fund
Recipients:
• The Mosireen Collective: 858.ma
Archive
• Sharq.org: Arab World Voices Library
• Arab Digital Expression Foundation:
Youth Media Activists Camp
Bassel Khartabil Free Culture Fellowship and Memorial
Fund Recipients Announced,
https://creativecommons.org/2018/04/15/fellowship-
memorial-fund/Majd Al-shihabi, CC BY, Ziad Tareq Hassan

57. “Of my experience spending three
years in jail so far for writing open
source code (mainly) I can tell how
much authoritarian regimes feel the
danger of technology on their
continuity, and they should be afraid
of that. As code is much more than
tools, it’s education that opens youth
minds and moves the nations forward.
Who can stop that? No one…. As long
as you people are out doing what you
are doing, my soul is free. Jail is only a
temporary physical limitation.”
~ Bassel Khartabil
CC BY, Jennifer Yip,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bassel
_Safadi_(Khartabil)_in_Warsaw_with_the_Powe
r_of_Open_Book.jpg

58. Lorna M. Campbell
OER Service
Information Services Group
University of Edinburgh
lorna.m.campbell@ed.ac.uk
https://open.ed.ac.uk/
http://lornamcampbell.org/
@LornaMCampbell
CC BY, Lorna M. Campbell, University of
Edinburgh, unless otherwise indicated.
thank you!
Cover image: Looking south in the Quiraing on the Isle of Skye in Scotland, Diliff, CC BY SA 3.0.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Quiraing,_Isle_of_Skye,_Scotland_-_Diliff.jpg