1. PARTS OF SPEECH:
 NOUNS:
o the names of people, places, things, or ideas (proper & improper)
o people: (mailman/Eddie)
o places: (the park/Disneyland)
o things: (schism/Great Reformation)
o ideas: (movement / Modernism)
o A singular noun can always be prefaced by an article (a, an, the)
 VERBS:
o an action or a state of being
o past (waited), present (wait), and future tenses (will wait)
 and sub-tenses:has been waiting, havewaited, will be waiting
o can be multiple words in length (should have been waiting)
o infinitive verbs (“to ”) occurfollowing the main verbs and to is part of
the verb, and not acting as a preposition
 ADJECTIVES
o Words to describe nouns, adjectives
 The pretty woman looked at the day-to-daytasks and critically asked
herself, “Why am I such a lazy person?”
 PRONOUNS
o Substitution words for nouns
 The antecedent is the LAST noun mentioned, so discussing things of the
same gender, be careful!
 Singular: I, you (sing.), he, she, it (a desk, the table, my thought),
everyone/body, anyone, someone/body
 Plural: We, You (guys), they, few, some, a number of
 PREPOSITIONS
o Words used to introduce more information, related to time or location
 After, through, above, over, in, to, by, near, away, from, around, across,
considering, concerning, in lieu of,

2.  CONJUNCTIONS
o Words used to join phrases or clauses
 Coordinating conjunctions (joins 2 indep. Clauses)
 : for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
 Subordinating conjunctions (complex, begins dep. Clause):
 because, since, if, so, while, when, although, after…
 ADVERBS
o Words that describe verbs: how they are done, how often they’re done, in what
manner
o Can also describeother adverbs, and adjectives
 I run daily, and I slowlyrun when I do, because what often is done with
a relaxed paceis often the thing done best!
 ARTICLES
o A / an / the