©2000 Used with permission from the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. www.csep.ca PAr-Q AnD YoU ©2014 American Council on Exercise® DATE: WITNESS: Note This physical activity clearance is valid for a maximum of 12 months from the date it is completed and: 1: Off2: Off3: Off4: Off5: Off6: Off7: Off8: Off9: Off10: Off11: Off12: Off13: Off14: Off Antonai Fitzgerald PSY 300 Topic Proposal and Literature Review Worksheet Developmental Disorders, Learning and Memory is the topic of interest. There are numerous development disorders which impair working memory hence negatively influencing learning and memory to the patients. Working memory is a component of the executive function which is involved in the organizational aspect of memory and goal-directed behavior. However, development disorders which have adverse on cognitive functions influence learning and memory. Some of the development disorders include dyslexia, hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), intellectual disability (ID), autism and obsessive-compulsive disorder. These are development disorders which influence the information process, storage and a wide range of complex cognitive tasks creating a desire for the investigation to establish how they influence memory and learning. Reference One Cite your reference in APA style. Moreau, D., & Waldie, K. E. (2016). Developmental Learning Disorders: From Generic Interventions to Individualized Remediation. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 2053. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02053 What claims do the authors of the study make about the influence of the brain and nervous system on human behavior? The author argues that development learning disorders affect children, impairing their experience of learning in the classroom. Dyslexia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are two learning disorders that are evaluated by the authors, where they claim they cannot be linked to the inadequate learning environment or the intellectual ability of the children but rather to the underlying brain function (Moreau & Waldie, 2016). Maturation of the prefrontal areas enables and support executive function such as reading and cognitive processes. In the early stages, neural activity may be disorganized and inefficient which eventually transit to a better efficient system (Moreau & Waldie, 2016). However, the transition phase is defective to individuals affected with affected by dyslexia and ADHD. Additionally, variation in the cerebral lateralization related to language processing and executive functions is another mechanism responsible for dyslexia and ADHD which influences learning and working memory (Moreau & Waldie, 2016). What evidence does the study present for how the brain and nervous system influence human behavior? In the study, it is revealed that between 5 and 10% of the population experience severe dyslexia or ADHD (Moreau & Waldie, 2016). These are human behaviors that are affected by the deficiency in the brain and neura ...

1. ©2000 Used with permission from the Canadian Society for
Exercise Physiology. www.csep.ca
PAr-Q AnD YoU
©2014 American Council on Exercise®
DATE: WITNESS: Note This physical activity clearance is
valid for a maximum of 12 months from the date it is completed
and: 1: Off2: Off3: Off4: Off5: Off6: Off7: Off8: Off9: Off10:
Off11: Off12: Off13: Off14: Off
Antonai Fitzgerald
PSY 300 Topic Proposal and Literature Review Worksheet
Developmental Disorders, Learning and Memory is the topic of
interest. There are numerous development disorders which
impair working memory hence negatively influencing learning
and memory to the patients. Working memory is a component of
the executive function which is involved in the organizational
aspect of memory and goal-directed behavior. However,
development disorders which have adverse on cognitive
functions influence learning and memory. Some of the
development disorders include dyslexia, hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD), intellectual disability (ID), autism and obsessive-
compulsive disorder. These are development disorders which
influence the information process, storage and a wide range of
complex cognitive tasks creating a desire for the investigation
to establish how they influence memory and learning.
Reference One

2. Cite your reference in APA style.
Moreau, D., & Waldie, K. E. (2016). Developmental Learning
Disorders: From Generic Interventions to Individualized
Remediation. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 2053.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02053
What claims do the authors of the study make about the
influence of the brain and nervous system on human behavior?
The author argues that development learning disorders affect
children, impairing their experience of learning in the
classroom. Dyslexia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD) are two learning disorders that are evaluated
by the authors, where they claim they cannot be linked to the
inadequate learning environment or the intellectual ability of
the children but rather to the underlying brain function (Moreau
& Waldie, 2016). Maturation of the prefrontal areas enables and
support executive function such as reading and cognitive
processes. In the early stages, neural activity may be
disorganized and inefficient which eventually transit to a bette r
efficient system (Moreau & Waldie, 2016). However, the
transition phase is defective to individuals affected with
affected by dyslexia and ADHD. Additionally, variation in the
cerebral lateralization related to language processing and
executive functions is another mechanism responsible for
dyslexia and ADHD which influences learning and working
memory (Moreau & Waldie, 2016).
What evidence does the study present for how the brain and
nervous system influence human behavior?
In the study, it is revealed that between 5 and 10% of the
population experience severe dyslexia or ADHD (Moreau &
Waldie, 2016). These are human behaviors that are affected by
the deficiency in the brain and neural activity, which cannot be
remediated through improving the learning environment nor are
they related to the intellectual ability of the children.

3. If your reference covers a study, what research design was used
for the study, and why do you think the researchers chose it?
N/A
How did the researchers address potential ethical issues in the
study, and did they do so adequately? Why or why not?
N/A
Reference Two
Cite your reference in APA style.
Holmes, J., Guy, J., Kievit, R. A., Bryant, A., Mareva, S., &
Gathercole, S. E. (2020). Cognitive dimensions of learning in
children with problems in attention, learning, and memory.
Journal of Educational Psychology.
https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2020-85078-001.pdf
What claims do the authors of the study make about the
influence of the brain and nervous system on human behavior?
Authors claim that the cognitive dimensions influence learning
outcomes. The study established that reading achievement is
linked to processing speed, reading and spelling abilities
strongly positively linked to phonological processing skills
while mathematical skills are linked to executive skills (Holmes
et al.., 2020). Children with learning-related difficulties such as
ADHD exhibited low mathematical skills, processing speed and
reading abilities. This is because the brain and nervous system
components responsible for these behaviors are defective such
as defective executive skills.
What evidence does the study present for how the brain and
nervous system influence human behavior?
In the study, children with ADHD performed significantly more
poorly than those without ADHD. Phonological processing
which was used to assess reading was stronger in children

4. without ADHD, and the same results were obtained with
executive skills which assessed mathematical abilities (Holmes
et al.., 2020). This denotes that development disorders that
affect the brain and nervous system functions, significantly
influence human behaviors such as reading.
If your reference covers a study, what research design was used
for the study, and why do you think the researchers chose it?
A Quasi-experiment research design was used in the study. This
is because the researcher were determined to use children with
ADHD and without ADHD to establish how human behaviors
are influenced by the deficiency in the cognitive dimensions.
How did the researchers address potential ethical issues in the
study, and did they do so adequately? Why or why not?
In the research, children between the age of 5 and 18 years were
used, where researchers used guardians to acquired informed
consent to have the children included in the study which met the
inclusion criteria (Holmes et al.., 2020). This ethical principle
issue was dealt with sufficiently because none of the
participants was engaged in the study without permission from a
guardian or referrer.
Reference Three
Cite your reference in APA style.
Androschuk, A., Al-Jabri, B., & Bolduc, F. V. (2015). From
learning to memory: what flies can tell us about intellectual
disability treatment. Frontiers in psychiatry, 6, 85.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00085
What claims do the authors of the study make about the
influence of the brain and nervous system on human behavior?
According to the authors, long-term memory formation requires
protein synthesis in the dorso-anterior-lateral neurons (DAL)
(Androschuk, Al-Jabri & Bolduc, 2015). It is revealed that

5. information is initially stored in the hippocampus, and later
transferred for long-term storage in the cortex for explicit
memory and cerebellum and basal ganglia for implicit memory.
Excessive synthesis of protein impact working memory hence
the need for a mechanism to regulate the production of proteins.
What evidence does the study present for how the brain and
nervous system influence human behavior?
It is revealed that patients with intellectual disabilities might
not be having learning and memory defects but they could be
suffering from mental ability defects which limits their
cognitive performance (Androschuk, Al-Jabri & Bolduc, 2015).
Additionally, working memory defects have been exhibited in
children with intellectual disability and also in children with
normal IQ (Androschuk, Al-Jabri & Bolduc, 2015). This shows
a deficiency in the brain and nervous systems indicates by the
defects in the working memory contributes to learning disability
and intellectual disability.
If your reference covers a study, what research design was used
for the study, and why do you think the researchers chose it?
N/A
How did the researchers address potential ethical issues in the
study, and did they do so adequately? Why or why not?
N/A
Questions
How have advancements in technology influenced research on
human behavior?
To a great extent, advancement in technology has promoted
research on human behavior. With technology, areas that had
not been navigated have been navigated providing a better
understanding of human behavior. For example, microarrays
have been used to identify the postsynaptic domain (PSD)
protein SHANK2 gene (Androschuk, Al-Jabri & Bolduc, 2015).

6. How have views on your topic changed over time?
Development disorders, working memory and learning have a
foundational basis on the brain and nervous system. It is the
defects in the brain and nervous system components which are
involved with executive skills, information processing,
phonological processing which defects in the working memory
and learning difficulties.
What conclusions can be reached, based on these studies and
references?
Learning difficulties and defect on the working memory are
development disorders which are caused by the defect on the
brain and nervous system.
How have issues of ethics in biopsychology been viewed
historically?
Ethics in biopsychology has not been taken seriously in the past
because some development disorders people used to assume
they occur naturally and exhibited human behaviors might be
related to the brain, neurotransmitters and other aspects of
biology. However, ethics is now integrated into biopsychology
studies, seeking to establish how the brain and nervous systems
are related to cognitive dimensions and other human behaviors
(Holmes et al.., 2020).
What gaps exist in these studies that could be addressed in
future research?
Assessment of literacy in the limited clinic time, limitation of
tests to a single word reading and spelling, lack of measure to
measure comprehension of understanding of a text, and non-
representing of rigid mapping of tasks are some of the
limitations in the study that would be addressed in the future

7. research.
Based on your topic selection and initial resources, what is your
research question?
How ADHD and dyslexia disorders are linked to the brain and
nervous system and influence human behavior?