Materials of Language Choice in Multilingual Communities

1. LANGUAGE CHOICE IN MULTILINGUAL
COMMUNITIES
(including Diglossia, Bilingualism, Multilingualism,
Interference)
Lembayung Luh Jingga
21202244063
PBI H

2. Linguistic Repertoire
01

3. The linguistic repertoire is a person's
set of abilities and knowledge in one
or more languages, as well as their
many variants (diatopic, diaphasic,
diastratic or diachronic). It may be
argued that doing so encourages a
speaker to demonstrate their entire
communication skills and convey their
opinions honestly on a number of
times.

4. Domains of
Language Use
02

5. In many various types of speech communities, it turns
out that certain social aspects, such as who you are
speaking to, the social environment of the
conversation, and the purpose and subject of the
conversation, are crucial in explaining language choice.
Examining 'typical' interactions that incorporate these
elements has shown to be quite helpful, especially
when understanding code choosing in large speech
communities. There are two types in domain (H&L
domain) High : Religion and Low : Family.

6. Modelling Variety or
Code Choice
03

7. Domain is a broad term that relies on three key variables in code
selection: participants, context, and topic. It may be used to capture
broad generalizations about any speech group. Using information on
the areas of usage in a community, a basic model summarizing the
norms of language use may be created. This is especially helpful in
bilingual and multilingual speaking groups. For starters, it pushes us to
be quite explicit about which domains and variations are crucial to
language selection. The model summarizes what we know about
community language use trends. Another reason an explicit model is
valuable is that it gives a clear foundation for comparing patterns of
code choice in different speech groups. Models make it simple to
compare varieties suitable for comparable domains in various speech
groups. A model is also valuable to a newbie in a community as a
summary of the group's appropriate patterns of code use.

8. Other Social Factor
Affecting Code Choice
04

9. People may choose a certain type or code to make it simpler to
discuss a specific issue, regardless of where they are speaking. When
both participants share more than one kind, other considerations will
influence the best option. For example, the social distance factor is
important. How well do they know one other, what is their social
distance (stranger vs friend), and so on. The status connection
between persons may be crucial in deciding on the best code. Social
role is also essential and is frequently a factor leading to variations in
people's status. Teacher-student, doctor-patient, soldier-civilian,
priest-parishioner, and official-citizen are examples of typical role
interactions. The environment and the level of formality may also play
a role in picking an acceptable variation or code. The proper variety
for a formal ceremony in church will be different from that utilized
later in the church porch. Another crucial consideration is the
interaction's role or objective.

10. Disglossia
05

11. Diglossia has three crucial features:
1. Two distinct varieties of the same language are used in the community,
with one regarded as a high (or H) variety and the other a low (or L)
variety.
2. Each variety is used for quite distinct functions; H and L complement
each other.
3. No one uses the H variety in everyday conversation.
Grammar vary between the two linguistically similar dialects. Although
the grammar of H is sometimes more complex morphologically, H and L
share a considerable percentage of the same lexicon. However, as
predicted given its use in more formal situations, the H vocabulary
includes words for everyday items such as saucepan and shoe, and the L
vocabulary includes more academic and technical terms such as
conservation and psychometric. In most diglossia cases, the H form
would not be used in normal speech, and the L form would appear
strange in writing.

12. Attitudes to H and L in a diglossia situation :
In a diglossia setting, attitudes toward the two codes are
confusing. Even if they don't comprehend it, most people
admire the H variety. It is normally treated with courtesy. It has
prestige in the sense of great social standing. The fact that the
H variety is described and 'fixed,' or standardized, in grammar
books and dictionaries reinforces these ideas. The L variety is
often not thought to be worth explaining. However, sentiments
about the L variant vary and are frequently ambiguous.

13. Diglossia with and without Bilingualism
The word diglossia refers to social or institutionalized bilingualism in which
two types are necessary to cover all domains of the community. Holmes and
Wilson (2017) illustrated a four-category box.
1. Box 1 refers to a situation where the society is disglossic, two languages
are required to cover the full range of domains and (most) individuals are
bilingual. Those communities in Vanuatu where individuals speak the local
village language
2. Box 2 describes situations where individuals are bilingual, but there is no
community- wide functional differentiation in the use of their languages.
Many English-speaking countries fit this description
3. Box 3 describes the situation of politically united groups where two
languages are used for different functions, but by largely different speech
communities. This is true for Haiti, since most people are monolingual in
Haitian Creole.
4. Box 4 describes the situation of monolingual groups, and Fishman
suggests this is typical of isolated ethnic communities where there is little
contact with other linguistic groups.

14. Extending the scope of “disglossia”
Because each code or language is employed in various settings,
multilingual communities such as Sauris and Paraguay were
cited as instances of diglossia. Other qualities of the "traditional"
diglossia conditions, while usually significant, are not regarded
as crucial to the definition. In other words, the H type is often
the prestige kind, although the L variant can also be admired,
like in Paraguay, where people are typically proud of Guarani.
Although literature in H is more commonly written than in L, L
may have a rich oral literature. L languages are progressively
being codified and standardized, whereas H has done so for
centuries in grammar books and dictionaries.

15. Polyglossia
06

16. Extending the scope of “disglossia”
Polyglossia refers to conditions in which a population habitually
speaks more than three languages. In Singapore, for example,
both Mandarin and formal Singapore English might be termed H
variations alongside with L types. In connection to at least two L
variations, Hokkien and Cantonese, Mandarin serves as a H
variety. Along with the more formal H variation, informal
Singapore English is a L variety. So there are two H varieties
and a number of L variations in a complicated connection for
this speech group. Polyglossia is thus an appropriate name for
circumstances in which a number of separate codes or varieties
are utilized for obviously distinct goals or in clearly
distinguishable contexts.

17. THANKS!