well-researched presentation on different lighting technologies

1. Lighting Technologies
1. LAWI OTIENO-EN201/0089/2018
2. HUSSEIN KIPKEMBOI -EN201/0208/2018
3. RONALD AUSTINE- EN201/0222/2018
4. MOURINE KARANI- EN201/0219/2018
INSTRUCTORS NAME : ENG. BRIAN K. WAMUKOYA

2. Lighting technology has exponentially developed recently, predominantly in terms of the light source power efficiency. Innovated high-intensity LED provide enormous
light output, with low power consumption (UNEP,2017). It is appropriate to study lighting methods that would be economical when deployed in future for reduction of cost
and energy consumption both in the industry and households (Khanh & Neumann, 2019). This paper examines and evaluates varied technological lighting choices and present
various application of the lighting technologies. In the paper, the following lighting technologies will be considered;
 incandescent lighting
 fluorescent lighting
 high-intensity discharge
 LED lighting
 Lighting Controls
Incandescent Lighting
It was developed in the period around 1800s (UNEP,2017).
Operation Principle
For incandescent lamps to emit light, electrical current passes through a tungsten wire inside a glass bulb suspended over inert air (Thorns, 2016). Electric current heats up the
filament, making it to glow and emit visible light coupled with extreme heat emission (Wang & Linnartz, 2016) . Halogen lamps which have greater improvements and
efficiency than incandescent have an increased life span (UNEP,2017). These lamps’ filament contains a small quantity of bromine

3. or iodine which prolong the lamp life by re-depositing evaporated tungsten back to the filament, hence reducing the blackening of the filament capsule (Khanh &
Neumann, 2019).
Fluorescent Lighting
They are modernized versions of incandescent lamps, integrating an electronic ballast and phosphor-lined glass tube (Thorns, 2016).
Principle of Operation
The electrodes of the tube have an electrical arc struck at them, triggering the mercury particles to discharge ultraviolet light, stimulating the phosphor coating thus
emitting visible light (Khanh & Neumann, 2019). CFLs were developed in the 1970s, and are essentially a miniaturized version of a linear fluorescent lamp (UNEP,2017).
CFLs consume about 75 per cent reduced energy while discharging the same amount of light with almost ten times longer life span (UNEP,2017).
Advantages Disadvantages
Cheap to acquire than other technologies Low efficacy lots of energy wastage
Improved color rendering Short lifetime, around 3,000 hours halogen 1,000
hours incandescent
Widespread operating position Increased cost operating costs
Increased temperature operating.

4. Advantages Disadvantages
Reduced running costs Needs Control gear for operation;
Improved efficacy Life span reduces due to frequent
switching
Long life span Needs special ballast Dimming
excellent color rendering. Has mercury
High Intensity Discharge Lighting
High intensity discharge lighting discharges light from an arc enclosed within a gas capsule sealed inside a bulb (Thorns, 2016). They need a ballast to start and operate, hence
controlling the voltage supplied to the capsule of the gas (Thorns, 2016). The electrical arc goes through a metal vapor hence producing light (UNEP,2017). When first started,
HID bulbs discharge about 5 per cent of their light, and go for a couple of minutes to achieve optimum brightness. HID must be allowed to cool before it produces light again
after being switched off (Khanh & Neumann, 2019). The main variant for HID is mercury vapor, metal halide and high-pressure sodium light ("Comparative Assessments of
CFLs, Incandescent and LEDs Bulbs for Energy Efficient Lighting System in Building", 2020).
Advantages Disadvantages
Low running costs Requires control gear required
for operation
high pressure sodium and metal halide lamps
have high efficacy
consumes time to re-strike after operation
Long life span about, 20,000 hours; Takes more time to reach full brightness

5. Led Lighting Technology
LED lamps and luminaires are increasingly mainstreaming into classes of different illumination applications globally (Thorns, 2016). Continued LED technology
performance improvement and reductio of cost indicates that the market growth will fast-track, leading to replacement of traditional lighting technologies with optimally
performing and more efficient LED technology (Thorns, 2016). LEDs present exceptional features that make them a captivating source of light and a technology worth
employing. They have long life, are dense, resist vibration and breaking, have best performance in cold environments, can easily be turned on and some are dimmable (Wang
& Linnartz, 2016). LEDs can be adjusted to provide varied colored lights, dependent on the drive circuit and LED array light source. LEDs discharge monochromatic light,
hence Unlike fluorescent and incandescent lamps they are vastly effective for colored lights (Wang & Linnartz, 2016).
LEDs are extremely energy efficient when light output for watts of electricity input is considered. today in market, the most efficient LED lamps function at 130 lumens per
watt, greater than double the energy operation of a CFL and exceedingly above 10 times higher efficacy than an incandescent lamp ("Comparative Assessments of CFLs,
Incandescent and LEDs Bulbs for Energy Efficient Lighting System in Building", 2020). As the technology progresses in future, efficiency will advance and costs decay
(UNEP,2017). LEDs offer the potential to produce high-quality white light with unprecedented energy efficiency. countries deciding to eliminate
Myriad color rendering Reduced life span due to frequent
switching
small package can achieve high flux in a special ballast must be employed for
Dimming
halide able to achieve excellent color. Has mercury.

6. incandescent lamps and enroll LED will see consumers save about 85 per cent, minus reduction on quality of light and improved life span of the luminaire (Wang & Linnartz,
2016). As of today, LEDs are operating with efficacies of about 220 lumens per watt, under favorable conditions. increased efficiency leads to users getting quality light at a
reduced running cost and lowered CO2 emissions (Wang & Linnartz, 2016). Presently, there are LED high bay, street lights and flood lights, replacement and several other
luminaires and technologies provided in the changing LED lighting market.
Advantages Disadvantages
Highest efficiency Needs Control gear
for operation
Reduced running costs Increased relative initial costs
long operating life span Needs proper thermal design to enable release
of waste heat.
Provides outstanding color rendering;
Possibility of dimming, Instant on, instant
re-strike.
Has no mercury.
small package gives high

7. Lighting Controls
The technology aids in reduction of energy consumption. They range from basic wall switches to advanced computer control systems that control lighting in a single
building. Industry innovations have led to introduction of affordable daylight sensing (Thorns, 2016). An integrated lighting controls system and energy-efficient luminaires
produces optimal lighting performance in an apartment. Lighting controls systems aid in saving a significant percentage of energy used for lighting by monitoring use and
running lighting when it is necessary (UNEP,2017). lighting controls strategies systems include: photocells—presenting modest, dependable and cheaper ways of controlling
lighting system. Occupancy -sensing technology is used to notice the presence of people and switch off light when rooms are empty. Sensing mechanisms integrate intelligence
into design to avoid falsehood. Dimming technologies routinely lessens light output when there is daylight. The most technologically advanced lighting controls systems have
central computer control of lighting systems to Custom-made lighting setting including though mobile phone applications to promote optimization and comfort
Advantages Disadvantages
Reduced human interaction Higher initial cost for of additional
installation equipment
Reduces operation cost Increased commissioning
Costs because of setting time for controls

8. Saves on cost of constant equipment
replacement.
Requires trained labor for equipment
management.
May predict any faults based on
gathered data.
Limited incentives
Applications Of Lighting Technologies
Residential lighting
Use compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) to replace incandescent lamps because incandescent lamps consume more electricity. Therefore, it reduces cost of energy. Also,
it is easy to insert into the existing ceiling.
Office interior lighting
Use tubular fluorescent lamps because of their large area of light coverage.
Retail and display lighting
Use halogen lighting because of the colour and spotlight produced by these lamps.
Outdoor and street lighting applications
Use high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps to deliver a high-brightness output.

9. Mood and emergency lighting
Use light-emitting diodes due to the reasons stated below:
 Low-power consumption
 Low maintenance
 Ultra-long life

10. References
Comparative Assessments of CFLs, Incandescent and LEDs Bulbs for Energy Efficient Lighting System in Building. (2020). https://doi.org/10.7176/jetp/10-5-04
Khanh, T., & Neumann, C. (2019). Illumination optics for indoor lighting, automotive and street lighting. Advanced Optical Technologies, 8(1), 11-12.
https://doi.org/10.1515/aot-2019-0007
Thorns, P. (2016). Book review: Spiros Kitsinelis: Light Sources: Basics of Lighting Technologies and Applications. Lighting Research &Amp; Technology, 48(5), 653-
653. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153516658434
United Nations Environment Programme. (2017). Accelerating the Global Adoption of Energy-Efficient Lighting.
Wang, X., & Linnartz, J. (2016). Intelligent illuminance control in a dimmable LED lighting system. Lighting Research &Amp; Technology, 49(5), 603-617.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153516645839