2. Learning Disabilities
Learning disabilities are neurological conditions that
affect the brain's ability or individual’s cognitive
functions to receive, process,
analyze, or retain information for children with
average and above average IQ.
Neurological conditions: Brain Areas Damage; Central
Nervous System Dysfunction; Heredity
Results into: IQ-Achievement Discrepancy
3. LDs in general
A heterogeneous group of disorders manifested by
significant difficulties in the acquisition and use of:
Listening and speaking
Reading
Writing
Cognitive skills
Reasoning or higher order thinking
Mathematical abilities.
4. INCIDENT RATE
Estimated 15 % of over the total population
6 % to 8 % of school age population (3-11 years)
Reading disorder is most common : Around 70% of
learning disabled get visibly marked by:
facial grimacing / tenseness
squinting
head tilting
eye rubbing
close working distance
5. Causes
Before or at time of birth After Birth
Foetal exposure to alcohol or
drugs
Low birth weight,
Oxygen deprivation
Premature or prolonged
labour
Acute illness at birth
Head injury during delivery
Head injuries
Accidents / falls
Malnutrition
Toxic exposure
Heavy metals
Pesticides.
6. Trouble in
Making connections between
letters and sounds
Spelling
Recognizing words
Lack of understanding what
others are saying
organizing written and spoken
language
Ability to speak
Self-expression
Learning new vocabulary, either
through reading or hearing
Learning other languages
motor tasks like hand-eye
coordination
Learning wordy songs and
rhymes
Sustained reading or longer
reading task
Understanding questions and
following directions
Recalling numbers in sequence
Recognition and recall of words
at random
Distinguishing left from right
Holding writing utensils
Poor handwriting
Poor hand grasps
Understanding basic arithmetic
concepts
7. Implications
Individualized education plan
Adapting learning material to learning
Self-paced deep micro-learning
Multi-modal multi-intelligence based instruction
Visual support
Caregiver and peer note-takers
Giving photo copy of your lecture notes or outline.
One-on-one and two-on-one teaching • allow the student to tape record lectures.
Allow the student additional time
Provide feedback
Work planning with child
Draft feedback and correction practice
Extended exam time
Separate exams room or cubical
Assistance of a reader, scribe, or word processor for exams.
Oral exam.
Use spelling and grammar assistive
Use a calculator for arithmetic exam
Use of scratch paper during exams.