2. Today, we will learn to:
} Define ‘population growth’
} DESCRIBE the trend of world population growth
} EXPLAIN the following terms:
- Birth Rate
- Death Rate
- Rate of Natural Increase
} Define ‘population density’
} DESCRIBE the difference between population growth
and population density
} DESCRIBE the distribution of world population
} EXPLAIN the factors influencing population distribution
- Physical Environment
- Level of Technology
10. Reasons for Rapid Population Growth:
>
1. Number of births exceeds the number of deaths.
2. Better medical and healthcare, and
improved hygiene.
3. Increased in food supply due to advances
in technology.
11. Important terms you need to know:
Birth rate (BR):
number of live births per 1000 people per year
Death rate (DR):
number of deaths per 1000 people per year
Rate of Natural Increase:
Birth rate – Death rate
12. Study the following table and fill in the
boxes:
BR (per 1000
people)
DR (per 1000
people)
Rate of Natural
Increase =
BR – DR (in
numbers)
Rate of
Natural
Increase
22 17
18 25
18 18
+5
-7
0
Increase
Decrease
Zero
13. Population Density
It is the number of people living in a unit of land.
It is expressed in the number of people per sq. km of
land. For e.g. Singapore’s population density is at
7253.43/km2
14. The data on population densities can be presented in
several ways. For example:
} Table
} Bar
chart
} Maps
} Pie chart
15. Formula of Population Density:
Population Density = Total number of people / Total land area
Countries Total no. of people Total land area
(km2)
Population density
(per km2)
A 150, 000 500
B 2050 1000
C 400, 000 200
1. Which country is the most densely populated? ________
2. Which country is the least densely populated? ________
300
2.05
2000
C
B
16. What does the colours tell you about the
world population density?
Are population densities the
same throughout the world?
Fig 2: World Population Densities from 2000
to 2010.
17. } Even within a country, people are not evenly distributed
} Cities – generally higher population densities
} Countryside – generally lower population densities
Q) What are some
reasons for the uneven
distribution of people
in different parts of
the world, or even
within a country?
Important points to note:
18. } Which environments are SUITABLE for people to
live in?
} Which environments are NOT SUITABLE for
people to live in?
Q) What are some
reasons for the uneven
distribution of people
in different parts of
the world, or even
within a country?
Think:
19. 1. Physical environment
} People tend to love areas
where there is fertile soil
and favourable climate.
} River deltas: large
population due to fertile
sediments along the river.
} Mountains or deserts:
harsh climates unsuitable
for human beings to settle
in.
Settlements at the base of Mt.
Mayon in Philippines
Few people live in places such as
the Sahara desert, where the
climate is hot and dry.
Factors influencing population
distribution:
TEXTBOOK PG 14 to 15
20. 2. Level of Technology
} People use tools, skills and knowledge to meet their needs.
} Technology can convert harsh environments into suitable
living environments.
Water can be channelled from
a river into the desert. E.g. Las
Vegas, USA.
23. Describe the population distribution of these
maps:
Fig 3: Population distribution of China. Fig 4: Population distribution of USA.
Relatively densely
populated at the
eastern part
(ie. crowded)
Relatively
sparsely
populated
25. Checklist J
} Key terms learned last lesson:
q Birth rate
q Death rate
q Rate of natural increase
q Population density
26. We will learn to:
q Infer the DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS of
countries experiencing high or low rate of population
from population pyramid.
q Explain the CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES and RESPONSES
to high or low rate of population growth.
q Give EXAMPLES of places that are experiencing high or
low rate of population growth.
28. POPULATION PYRAMIDS! J
} It is used to show the
pattern of population growth
} What does it tell us about?
} People in different age groups
} Proportion of males to females
29. HANDOUT PG 3 (bottom)
Age group
Number of
people in each
age group
30. Description of Pyramid
Youth
& children
Elderly
Large
proportion
of
Broad base
Working
population
Triangular shaped
Small proportion
of
Narrow top
31. Description of Pyramid
Youth
& children
Large
proportion
of
Broad base
Working
population
Triangular shaped
Working population is smaller than the young
More young dependents for the working population to feed
33. What Causes High Birth Rate?
Youth
& children
Large
proportion
of
Broad base
High birth
rate =
• Lack of family planning & early marriages
• Less educated couples know little about
use of contraceptives
• Preference for sons & need for farm labour
• Religious beliefs (eg. Hindu ceremonies require sons to
perform religious rituals for parents)
Where?
In less
developing
countries
35. High population growth rate
Consequences:
} Higher demand for resources
Ø “high growing population results in an increased need for water
and food.As such, India might not produce enough to feed the
high growing population.”
} Higher demand for housing
} Higher demand for education
} Higher demand for jobs
} Environmental problems
Because: BR > number of deaths
Eat
Stay
Study
Work
36.
37. To you,
all these things might just be stuff
you study for exams…
But, these are REAL LIFE
situations L
How would you feel if you lived
under such conditions?
38. Actions to Manage High Growth Rate
} Education on family planning
} Eg. In India and Bangladesh,
couples are taught how to
control their family size
39. Actions to Manage High Growth Rate
} Incentives (rewards) and penalties
• Monetary incentives
are given to couples
with fewer children
• Higher taxes
imposed on
couples who have
more children
China uses
both!
40. Actions to Manage High Growth Rate
} Incentives (rewards) and penalties
} Incentives: housing &
education subsidies are given
to couples who pledge to
have only one child
} Penalties: couples
with more than
one child were
heavily fined
Eg. China’s
‘one-child’
policy
42. Recap on Pyramid
Youths &
ChildrenBroad base
Triangular shaped
Small proportion of ElderlyNarrow top
High birth rate
(BR > DR)
In LDCS
High popn
growth rate has to support large
number of young
dependents
Working population
43. Recap on Pyramid
Youths &
ChildrenBroad base
Triangular shaped
Small proportion of ElderlyNarrow top
High birth rate
(BR > DR)
In LDCS
High popn
growth rate has to support large
number of young
dependents
Working population
Factors for
high BR
Consequences of high
popn growth rate
Managing high
growth rate
47. Description of PyramidBee-hive shaped
Young &
children
Elderly
Working
population
Large
number of
More people
working to
support the
young and old
dependents
48. Broad top:
• Increasing number of elderly
dependents
• (so many elderly still alive! J)
• Low death rate
Compare PG 3 with 5
Broad top
Narrow top
Factors for low death rate:
• Higher standards of hygiene
• Better nutrition
• Better medical & health care
49. Working
population
Young & children
Fewer young
people
Factors for low birth rate:
• Later / fewer marriages
• Preference for smaller families
Fewer young
people =
Low birth rate
maybe because
raising children
is expensive!
51. Consequences
of LOW
population
growth rate
Low
birth rate
} Ageing population
} “the country will have more elderly”
} Higher taxes
} Smaller talent pool / reduced workforce
} “there will be fewer people to lead and serve the country
and thus each working person will have to pay more taxes
to fund public projects such as swimming pools…”
52. Actions to Manage Low Growth Rate
} Extend working life (ie. increase retirement age)
} Encourage financial planning
Problems:
- Ageing population
- Higher taxes
- Smaller talent pool /
reduced workforce
53. Actions to Manage Low Growth Rate
} Meeting the needs of the elderly
} Building more facilities like clinics and hospitals
} Helping the elderly keep fit (eg. exercise classes
at community
centres)
} Encourage
families to
look after
their elderly
Broad top More elderly
dependents
Problems:
- Ageing population
54. Actions to Manage Low Growth Rate
} Encouraging marriage and childbearing
} Reduced taxes
} Setting up more childcare centres
To
increase
birth rate!
55. • High birth rate (BR > DR) • Low birth rate
• Low death rate
• High population growth rate • Low population growth rate
• Experienced in less developed
countries
• Experienced in developed
countries
• Large working population
• Large number of young dependents • Large number of old dependents
Summary
Bee-hive shapedTriangular shaped
56. Checklist J
} Key terms:
q Birth rate
q Death rate
q Rate of natural increase
q Population density
} Types of population pyramid:
q Triangular shaped
q Bee-hive shaped
