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2. Is the process of transferring blood or blood
components from one person ( donor) in to blood
stream of another person (recipient).
Blood transfusion may be don as life saving
maneuvers to replace blood cells or blood products
loss through bleeding or due to depression of the
bone marrow.

3. Types of blood transfusions:
 Red blood cell transfusions: A person may receive a
red blood cell transfusion if they have experienced blood
loss, if they have anemia (such as iron deficiency
anemia), or if they have a blood disorder.
 Platelet transfusions: A platelet transfusion can help
those who have lower platelet counts, such as from
chemotherapy or a platelet disorder.
 Plasma transfusions: Plasma contains proteins
important for health. A person may receive a plasma
transfusion if they have experienced severe burns,
infections, or liver failure.
 Whole blood transfusion: A person may receive a
whole blood transfusion if they have experienced a
severe traumatic hemorrhage and require red blood
cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

6. Purpose of Blood Transfusion
 Restore blood volume.
 Replace clotting factors.
 Improve oxygen carrying capacity.
 Restore blood elements that are depleted.
 Prevent complication.
 To raise the hemoglobin level.
 To provide antibodies.

7. Blood types

9. Nursing Interventions BT
1-Verify doctor’s order. Inform the client and explain the purpose
of the procedure.
2-Check for cross matching and typing. To ensure compatibility.
3-Obtain and record baseline vital signs.
4-At least 2 licensed nurse check the label of the blood
transfusion. Check the following:
Serial number
Blood component
Blood type
Rh factor
Expiration date

10. CONT.
5-Identify client properly. Two Nurses check the client’s
identification.
6-Use needle gauge 18 to 19 to allow easy flow of blood.
7-Use BT set with special micron mesh filter to prevent
administration of blood clots and particles.
8-Start infusion slowly at 10 gtts/min. Remain at bedside for 15 to
30 minutes. Adverse reaction usually occurs during the first 15 to
20 minutes.
9-Monitor vital signs. Altered vital signs indicate adverse reaction
(increase in temp, increase in respiratory rate)

11. CONT.
11-Do not mix medications with blood transfusion to prevent
adverse effects. Do not incorporate medication into the blood
transfusion. Do not use blood transfusion lines for IV push of
medication.
12-Administer 0.9% NaCl before; during or after BT. Never
administer IV fluids with dextrose.
13-Administer BT for 4 hours (whole blood, packed RBC). For
plasma, platelets,transfuse quickly (20 minutes) clotting factor can
easily be destroyed.
14-Observe for potential complications. Notify physician.

12. Clinical Manifestations of Blood
Transfusion Reactions
Type of reaction and its etiology:
1-Allergic reaction related to immune response to protein in
the blood.
Clinical manifestation:(itching, respiratory distress).
2-Hemolytic reaction related to mismatched blood, history of
multiple transfusions, or infusion with a solution containing
dextrose or other additives.
Clinical manifestation:(Fever, chills, hematuria, headache,
chest pain; can progress to shock).

13. CONT.
3- Febrile or septic related to contamination of blood;
may also becaused by idiopathic conditions.
Clinical manifestation:(Chills, fever, headache,
decreased blood pressure, nausea or vomiting, and
leg and back pain).
4-Circulatory overload related to infusions of
excessive amounts of fluid or too rapid administration.
Clinical manifestation:(chest or low back pain,
productive cough, distended neck veins, increased
central venous pressure)

15. Responding to a suspected transfusion
reaction
 All transfusion reactions need to be managed. If
suspect a reaction:
• Stop the transfusion
• Take and record the patient’s vital signs
• Seek medical advice immediately and inform the
hospital transfusion laboratory