Renewable Energy,

1. Introductions
Energy Source
 What is Energy?
In the simplest terms, energy is the ability to do work. Energy is also represented in
terms of any source of usable power. In different ways, energy is used to do almost
everything such as jumping, walking and the operation of machinery. For instance,
the foods human consume contain energy which is stored in the body and
converted into energy every time we engage in any duty or work such as sports.
The stored energy is termed as potential energy while the working energy is termed
as kinetic energy.
 In short ,Energy is something that can produce work.

2. The electricity used in our homes is also a form of energy because it is a
form of usable power. The places from which the different energies are
obtained are known as energy sources. Examples include burning coal,
nuclear reactions, petroleum, and so on. Energy sources are divided into
two major categories namely renewable energy and non-renewable
energy.Renewable energy is from sources that can be replenished easily
while non-renewable energy cannot be easily replenished. Example of
renewable energy is wind energy while fossil fuel is an example of non-
renewable energy. In physics, energy is explained as the thermodynamic
quantity equivalent to the capacity of a physical system to do work. The
units of energy are ergs or joules.

4. There are lot of type of energy we know .but in this slide we just study some of
them only.

5. What is renewable Energy?
• Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are
naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides,
waves, and geothermal heat…..
• As we know from above ,Energy sources are divided into two major categories
namely renewable energy and non-renewable energy.

7. World Energy source (2003)

8. • Why Renewable Energy?
This is because ;
1. Oil is Expensive.
2. Oil is Phasing Out.
3. Renewable Energy is cleaned .
4. Renewable Energy is free.
5. It never phasing out.
6. It keep our Environments better and better

9. Hydro Energy
Hydro power plant:
Objectives;
 Understand about Hydro Energy.
 Review some history about hydroelectric power plant.
 Understand about working Principles of hydroelectric Power plant.
 Find Advantages and Disadvantages of hydroelectric power plant.

10. Some fact about hydroelectric energy.
• Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower. In 2015 hydropower generated
16.6% of the world's total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity, and was expected
to increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years.
• Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 33 percent
of global hydropower in 2013. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 920 TWh
of production in 2013, representing 16.9 percent of domestic electricity use.
• The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a competitive source of renewable
electricity. The hydro station consumes no water, unlike coal or gas plants. The average cost
of electricity from a hydro station larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-
hour. With a dam and reservoir it is also a flexible source of electricity since the amount
produced by the station can be changed up or down very quickly to adapt to changing energy
demands. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste,
and in many cases, has a considerably lower output level of greenhouse gases than fossil
fuel powered energy plants.

11. •Worldwide, hydropower produces 24% of world’s electricity, supplying 1
billion people with electricity.
•675,000 megawatts of electricity is produces by water.
•It is produced in 150 countries, with Asia-
Pacific region producing 32 percent of global
hydropower in 2010.
•China is the largest producer, with 721
terawatt hours of production in 2010.

13. History of hydroelectricity
• Hydropower has been used since ancient times to grind flour and perform other
tasks. In the mid-1770s, French engineer Bernard Forest de
Bélidor published Architecture Hydraulique which described vertical- and
horizontal-axis hydraulic machines. By the late 19th century, the electrical
generator was developed and could now be coupled with hydraulics. The growing
demand for the Industrial Revolution would drive development as well.

14. At the beginning of the 20th century, many small hydroelectric power stations were
being constructed by commercial companies in mountains near metropolitan areas.
Hydroelectric power stations continued to become larger throughout the 20th
century. Hydropower was referred to as white coal for its power and plenty. Hoover
Dam's initial 1,345 MW power station was the world's largest hydroelectric power
station in 1936; it was eclipsed by the 6809 MW Grand Coulee Dam in
1942. The Itaipu Dam opened in 1984 in South America as the largest, producing
14,000 MW but was surpassed in 2008 by the Three Gorges Dam in China at 22,500
MW. Hydroelectricity would eventually supply some countries,
including Norway, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Paraguay and Brazil, with
over 85% of their electricity. The United States currently has over 2,000
hydroelectric power stations that supply 6.4% of its total electrical production
output, which is 49% of its renewable electricity.

15. Pumped hydro was first used in Italy and Switzerland in the 1890's.
By 1933 reversible pump-turbines with motor- generators were available
Adjustable speed machines now used to improve efficiency
Pumped hydro is available at almost any scale with discharge times ranging
from several hours to a few days.
Efficiency = 70 – 85%

16. Working Principle and Components of
hydro electric Power plant.

17. It is the power generated by water, using its
gravitational force when it is flowing or falling.
Water is moved from a higher elevation point to a
lower elevation point through a large pipe.
At the end, there is a turbine and the water spins it,
which moves the shaft, that moves the generator,
making electricity.
This is how the plant changes the potential energy of
standing water to kinetic energy by moving it, then
converting it into mechanical energy which produces
electric energy.

18. IMPORTANCE OF HYDROLOGIC
CYCLE
As the plant depends on the water flow, it
indirectly depends on hydrologic cycle.
If there is no rain, no water will collect
upstream, less water flows through and
less electricity is generated.

19. Hydroelectric power plant requires various
components for generating electrical power.
Some of the major components in hydroelectric
power plants are:
 RESERVOIR AND DAM
 INLET GATES
 PENSTOCK
 TURBINE AND GENERATOR
COMPONETS:

20. DAM
The dam is the most important
component of hydroelectric power
plant. The dam is built on a large
river that has abundant quantity
of water throughout the year.
It should be built at a location where
the height of the river is sufficient
to get the maximum possible potential energy from water.

21. WATER RESERVIOR
The water reservoir is
the place behind the dam
where water is stored. The water in
the reservoir is located higher than the
rest of the dam structure.

22. PENSTOCK
The penstock is the long
pipe or the shaft that
carries the water
flowing from the
reservoir towards the
power generation unit
The water in the
penstock possesses
kinetic energy due to
its motion and potential energy due to its height.

23. WATER TURBINES
Water flowing from the
penstock is allowed to enter
the power generation unit,
which houses the turbine and
the generator. When water
falls on the blades of the
turbine the kinetic and
potential energy of water is
converted into
the rotational motion of the blades of the turbine.

24. GENERATOR
Water flowing from the penstock
is allowed to enter the power
generation unit, which houses the
turbine and the generator. When
water falls on the blades of the
turbine the kinetic and potential
energy of water is converted into
the rotational motion of the blades of the turbine.

27. Scale of Hydropower Projects or type of Hydropower.
• Large-hydro
More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid
• Medium-hydro
15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid
• Small-hydro
1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid
• Mini-hydro
Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW
Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid
• Micro-hydro
From 5kW up to 100 kW
usually provided power for a small community or rural industry in
remote areas away from the grid.
• Pico-hydro
From a few hundred watts up to 5kW

28. Advantages
❏ Exmission-free,with virtually no CO2,NOX,SOX,hydrocarbons,or particulates.
❏ Renewable resource with high conversion efficiency to electricity(+80%)
❏ Dispatchable with storaage capacity
❏ Usable for base load, peaking and pumped storage applications
❏ Scalable from 10KW to 20,000MW
❏ Low maintenance and operation costs
❏ Long lifetimes

29. Disadvantages
❏ Frequently involves impoundment of large amount of water with loss
habitat due to land inundation.
❏ Variable output-dependent on rainfall and snowfall.
❏ Impacts on river flows and aquatic ecology,including fish migration and
oxygen depletion.
❏ Social impacts of displacing indigenous people.
❏ People impacts in developing countries
❏ High initial capital costs
❏ Long lead time in construction of large projects.

30. Conclusions