3. “Equity shareholder are owner of the business.
they enjoy the residual profit of company after
having paid the preference shareholders the
amount of preference dividend”
Equity share also known as variable income
security.
4. 1. Right to income
The equity income left after satisfying the claim of all other
investor belongs to the equity shareholders.
The income of equity shareholders may be retained by the firm
or paid our as dividends.
2 . Right to control
As a owner of the firm so elect the board of directors & have
the right to vote on every resolution placed before the company.
Hence equity shareholders exercise an indirect control over the
operation of firm.
5. 3 . Pre- Emptive Right
The pre-emptive right enables existing shareholders to
maintain their proportional owner ship by purchasing the
additional equity shares issued by company.
According to law, existing shareholders have first priority
to purchase additional share on pro rata basis before the
others.
Ex: company -10,00,000 share
additional -300,000 share(30% share purchase
shareholders give first priority)
4 . Right in liquidation
As in case of income , equity shareholders have a residual
claim over assets of firm in the event of liquidation claim of
all other – debenture holders ;lenders, other creditors &
preference shareholders are prior to the claim of equity
shareholders.
6. Merits:
1 . Permanent capital : it’s available as long as the company
goes , because equity shares are not redeemable.
2 . No obligation to pay dividend : equity share no obligation
on the company to pay a fixed dividend to the equity
shareholders. They get dividend if adequate profit are
available.
3 . No charge on property : company is able to procure capital
without creating charge on its property ,which remains free &
can be utilized when additional funds are required by the
company.
4 . Wide scope of marketability : equity shares are lower
denominations, hence they can be purchased by persons of
limited income also.
Evaluation from the viewpoint of company:
7. 5 . High creditworthiness :the equity capital increase the
company’s financial base & thus it’s borrowing limited
increase.
lend in proportion to the company’s equity capital. By
issuing equity shares, the company increase it’s financial
capability.
6 . Publicity of company : Trading of shares on the stock
exchange creates publicity of the company.
7 . High premium : company can easily sell equity shares on
premium in times of boom . in such situation in people are
most eager to buy equity shares. company can quickly raise
fixed capital through equity share.
8. Demerits :
1 . Cost of equity : Cost of equity is generally highest. The rate
of return required by equity shareholders is generally higher
than rate of return required by other investors.
2 . Permanent burden : it creates permanent burden for the
company for the payment of dividend.
3 . Flotation cost : means cost of issuing equity shares, which is
higher than cost of issuing other type of securities .
Underwriting commission , brokerage cost & other expenses
higher for equity capital.
4 . Interference in management :equity shareholders have
voting rights. Hence there may be interference in existing
pattern of management.
9. 5 . Speculation : there are the higher chances of speculation
because it is traded in stock market.
6 . Dividend is not tax deductible :equity share dividend is not
tax deductible payment
7 . Dilution of control : Sale of equity shares to outsiders may
result in dilution of control of existing shareholders
10. Evaluation from the view point of investor:
Merits:
1 . Higher dividend : the equity shareholders earned more profit
compare to others during prosperous time.
2 . Voting right :shareholders can participate in management . they
can vote for election of director & auditor, approval of dividend
recommended by director.
3 . Right shares : an existing company has to offer the new issue of its
share to existing shareholders as right shares on priority basis.
4 . Capital appreciation : equity holders can earn capital gain by
selling shares when price of the share increases.
5 . Good liquidity position : The liquidity position of equity
shareholders is improved because these shares are freely traded in
all national level stock exchange.
11. Demerits :
1 . Uncertain return : no fixed rate of dividend is to be paid to
equity shareholders. Only directors have the authority to
decide whether to declare dividend or not.
2 . Residual claim on income as well as assets : equity
shareholder have last priority on income as well as assets
after satisfying claim of other
3 . Low market value : when low dividend are declared or
postpone the dividend the market value of equity share
decline & investors suffer a capital loss.
4 . Risk investment : equity prices tend to fluctuate widely, so
making equity investment risky .
12. 5 .Higher speculation : during boom phase of stock
market, equity shares may encourage too much
speculation.
6 . Dilution of control : the issue of new equity shares
may dilute the ownership & control of existing
shareholders while a preemptive right to retain their
proportionate ownership; they may not have funds to
invest in additional shares.