Physiological of wbc

1. PHYSIOLOGY OF WHITE BLOOD
CELLS AND IMMUNE SYSTEM

2. INTRODUCTION
‘White’ blood cells or 'Leuco’ cytes are colourless cells in contrast to RBCs
There are 2 varieties distinguished based upon granules:
1.Granulocytes- Basophil,Eosinophil, Neutrophils
Based on the colour of granules on staining granulocytes are distinguished,
Acidic and Basic stains- Neutrophils
Acidic stain- Eosinophil
Basic stain- Basophils
2.Agranulocytes- Monocytes,Lymphocytes
6/22/2023
Sample Footer Text 2

3. NORMAL RANGE OF LEUCOCYTES
TOTAL LEUCOCYTES COUNT (TLC):
At Birth- 10,000-25,000 Cells/Microlitre
Infants upto 1 year age- 6000-16,000 Cells/Microlitre
Adults- 4000-11,000 Cells/Microlitre
Differential counts:
• Neutrophils:40-75%
• Eosinophil:1-6%
• Basophils: 0-1%
• Lymphocytes:20-40%
• Monocytes:2-10%
6/22/2023
Sample Footer Text 3

4. Leucopoiesis- Introduction
• Development and Maturation of LEUCOCYTES is called Leucopoiesis
• All blood cells develop from PLEURIPOTENT Hematopoietic stem cells later form
The progenitor cells as Colony Forming Unit (CFU)
• Granulocyte and Monocyte formation and Lymphocyte formation is different by the
process
• Granulopoiesis is development of Granulocytes
• Monocyte- Macrophage series is for development of Monocyte
• Granulocytes are formed and stored in Bone marrow ( 3 times higher number of
cells in Bone marrow) and released in circulation

5. Granulopoiesis and Monocyte – Macrophage series

6. • Promonocyte is the young Monocyte with no Azurophilic granules
• Monocyte matures and migrates into Spleen and Lymph glands. The
transformed stages of the Monocyte into tissue is called Tissue-
Macrophage
• Tissue macrophages system also known as Reticulo-Endothelial system
is formed by the macrophages in the immune organs and glands

7. Lymphopoiesis
• Lymphocyte stem cells develop from the PLEURIPOTENT Hematopoietic stem
cells in Bone marrow
• Lymphocyte stem cells migrate into Thymus and Peripheral Lymphoid organs and
Lymphocytes mature in Thymus and Peripheral Lymphoid organs
• Primary Lymphocytic organs in humans are Bone marrow and Thymus where the
Lymphocytic stem cells undergo spontaneous division INDEPENDENT of
Antigenic stimulation
• Secondary lymphoid organs are tissues that actively produce Lymphocytes from
Germinal centre of Lymphoid follicles IN RESPONSE TO ANTIGENIC exposure.
Eg. Lymphnodes,Spleen,Gut

8. Regulation of Leucopoiesis

9. Functions of Neutrophils
• Phagocytosis
1. Margination
2. Emigration and Diapedesis
3. Chemotaxis
4. Opsonisation
5. Engulfment
6. Degranulation
7. Degradation
• Release Inflammatory cytokines and Mediates fever by Endogenous pyrogen release

10. Functions of Eosinophils
• Mild phagocytosis (Eo are not very motile)
• Defense against Parasitosis by Cytoplasmic granule release
1. Major basic protein (Highly larvicidal)
2. Eosinophilic cationic protein
3. Eosinophil peroxidase
• Role in Allergic reactions by,
1. Detoxifying inflammation induced by mast cells and Basophils
2. Inhibit mast cell degranulation
• Provide Mucosal immunity

11. Functions of Basophils
• Mild phagocytosis (Very mild phagocytosis)
• Induce Allergic reaction by Histamine,Bradykinin,Serotonin and slow
reacting substances of Anaphylaxis
• Role in preventing spread of allergic inflammatory process
• Basophils release heparin and prevent blood clotting,Remove fat
particles from blood after fatty meal

12. Functions of Monocytes
• Powerful phagocytic agent
• Kills tumor cells (Role in tumor immunity)
• Synthesis Complement factors and biological substances

13. Functions of Lymphocytes
• T lymphocytes confer Cell mediated Immunity
• B lymphocyte confer Humoral immunity by Antibody production.

14. HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE

15. CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE

16. FUNCTIONS OF SPLEEN
• Active site for production of T and B lymphocytes
• Removal of senile RBC,WBC,Platelets
• Hematopoietic centre in 4th and 5th month of IUL
• Recycles iron from phagocytosed RBC for synthesis of Fresh Hemoglobin
• Regulation of Portal blood flow and regulation of Blood pressure

17. STEPS OF HEMOSTASIS

18. MECHANISM OF BLOOD COAGULATION

19. Thank You