Infection prevention, and methods. By Dr. Kalimullah Wardak
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History of infection prevention, cut down of endometritis cases, mechanical and chemical methods, John snow and Semmelweis
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Infection prevention, and methods. By Dr. Kalimullah Wardak
- 1. 1 I-a. Disinfection principles I-b. Autoclaving methods I-a. Infection prevention . History . Significance • Common terms • Germicides • Hand washing • Gloves • Types • How it works • Precautions • By: Dr. Kalimullah Wardak بسم هللا الرحمن الرحیم
- 2. HISTORY In 1846 Semmelweis, a Hungarian physician. Endometritis. 2 I. Infection Prevention https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151947/
- 3. HISTORY In 1846 Semmelweis, a Hungarian physician. Endometritis. 3 I. Infection Prevention https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151947/
- 4. HISTORY In 1846 Semmelweis, a Hungarian physician. Endometritis. 4 I. Infection Prevention https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151947/
- 5. HISTORY… In 1854 in London, John Snow, a British physician. A cholera outbreak. 5 I. Infection Prevention https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151947/
- 6. HISTORY… In 1854 in London, John Snow, a British physician. A cholera outbreak. 6 I. Infection Prevention https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151947/
- 7. INFECTION PREVENTION Break the chain: • Infection source • Route of transmission • Susceptible individual 7 I. Infection Prevention https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151947/
- 8. INFECTION TYPES • Bacteria • Fungi • Viruses • Prions • Discrimination/Prejudice 8 I. Infection Prevention https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151947/
- 9. CURRENT SIGNIFICANCE Hand washing: oReligious: oScientific: •First do no harm/Primum non nocere •Infection prevention course as a prerequisite to hands-on training 9 I. Infection Prevention
- 10. CURRENT SIGNIFICANCE Hand washing: oReligious: oScientific: •First do no harm/Primum non nocere •Infection prevention course as a prerequisite to hands-on training 10 I. Infection Prevention
- 11. CURRENT SIGNIFICANCE (CONT…) •Diarrhea 50% reduction, Resp. by 25% •Room-temperature water: 90% of the coronavirus particles in 24 hours. After 72 hours, some 99.9% of the virus’ particles were found to die. •Hand washing day and global organization 15 october…. may 5 hand hygiene day WHO www.globalandwashing.org 11 I. Infection Prevention www.Sputniknews.com
- 12. CURRENT SIGNIFICANCE (CONT…) •Diarrhea 50% reduction, Resp. by 25% •Room-temperature water: 90% of the coronavirus particles in 24 hours. After 72 hours, some 99.9% of the virus’ particles were found to die. •Hand washing day and global organization 15 october…. may 5 hand hygiene day WHO www.globalandwashing.org 12 I. Infection Prevention www.Sputniknews.com
- 13. HAND WASHING Joseph Lister, Three steps: 1. Hot water, medicated soap, and a brush for 5 minutes; 2. Apply 90% ethanol for 3–5 minutes with a brush 3. rinse the hands with an “aseptic liquid”. • In the second half of the 20th century, time decreased from >10 minutes to 5 minutes. Even today, 5-minute protocols are common. 13 I-a. Sterilization principles https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK144036/
- 14. COMMON TERMS 1. Sanitation/sanitization: 2. Decontamination & Cleaning: 3. Antisepsis vs Disinfection: 4. Sterilization: 14 I-a. Sterilization principles
- 16. GLOVES • Surgical hand preparation still necessary. • Surgical site contamination, risk of blood borne pathogen transmission from patients to the surgical team reduction. • However, 18% (range: 5–82%) of gloves have tiny punctures after surgery, and more than 80% of cases go unnoticed by the surgeon. After two hours of surgery, 35% of all gloves demonstrate puncture, thus allowing water (hence also body fluids) to penetrate the gloves without using pressure. A recent trial demonstrated that punctured gloves double the risk of SSIs. 16 I-a. Sterilization principles
- 17. GLOVES (LATEX) Pros: • From natural latex • As soft as second skin. Cons: • Allergic reaction, even in children. • Latex itself and the powder as well. • Dissolves in solvents. 17 I-a. Sterilization principles
- 18. GLOVES (NITRILE) Pros: • From synthetic rubbers, low allergy incidence, unknown pt. • No powder and are easy to handle directly on removal from the box • Extremely durable and puncture resistant. • Can withstand exposure to oils, solvents, and chemicals which easily destroy natural latex gloves. Cons: • Not as soft as latex gloves, and are not known for being easy to wear. • Their strength is a weakness when fine movements and dexterity req. • Nitrile is also slightly more expensive to produce. 18 I-a. Sterilization principles
- 19. GLOVES (VINIL) Pros: •Hypoallergenic •Can be used while applying adhesives. Cons: •Not biodegradable. •Microholes that do not contract and reduce in diameter as latex does. 19 I-a. Sterilization principles
- 20. HAND WASHING 20 I-a. Sterilization principles
- 21. HAND WASHING 21 I-a. Sterilization principles
- 22. HOW AUTOCLAVE WORKS 22 I-b. Methods of Autoclaving
- 23. TYPES OF AUTOCLAVES 23 I-b. Methods of Autoclaving
- 24. USES OF AUTOCLAVE Autoclave is particularly useful for media containing water that cannot be sterilized by dry heat. It is the method of choice for sterilizing the following: 1. Surgical instruments 2. Culture media 3. Autoclavable plastic containers 4. Plastic tubes and pipette tips 5. Solutions and water 6. Biohazardous waste 7. Glassware (autoclave resistible) 24 I-b. Methods of Autoclaving https://microbeonline.com/autoclave-principle-procedure- ypes-and-uses/
- 25. PRECAUTIONS • Autoclave should not be used for sterilizing waterproof materials, such as oil and grease or dry materials, such as glove powder • Materials are loaded in, such a way that it allows efficient steam penetration (do not overfill the chamber). It is more efficient and safer to run two separate, uncrowded loads than one crowded one. 25 I-b. Methods of Autoclaving https://microbeonline.com/autoclave-principle-procedure- ypes-and-uses/
- 26. PRECAUTIONS… 3. Wrapping objects in aluminium foil is not recommended because it may interfere with steam penetration. Articles should be wrapped in materials that allow steam penetration. 4. Materials should not touch the sides or top of the chamber 5. The clean items and the wastes should be autoclaved separately. 6. Polyethylene trays should not be used as they may melt and cause damage to the autoclave. 26 I-b. Methods of Autoclaving https://microbeonline.com/autoclave-principle-procedure- ypes-and-uses/
- 27. AUTOCLAVE-COMPATIBILITY 27 I-b. Methods of Autoclaving https://microbeonline.com/autoclave-principle-procedure-
- 28. 28
Editor's Notes
- John Snow was one of the first physicians to study and calculate dosages for the use of ether and chloroform as surgical anaesthetics, allowing patients to undergo surgical and obstetric procedures without the distress and pain they would otherwise experience. He designed the apparatus to safely administer ether to the patients and also designed a mask to administer chloroform.[16] He personally administered chloroform to Queen Victoria when she gave birth to the last two of her nine children, Leopold in 1853 and Beatrice in 1857 and was still not yet knighted,[17] leading to wider public acceptance of obstetric anaesthesia. Snow published an article on ether in 1847 entitled On the Inhalation of the Vapor of Ether.[ Snow was a skeptic of the then-dominant miasma theory that stated that diseases such as cholera and bubonic plague were caused by pollution or a noxious form of "bad air". The germ theory of disease had not yet been developed, so Snow did not understand the mechanism by which the disease was transmitted. His observation of the evidence led him to discount the theory of foul air. He first published his theory in an 1849 essay, On the Mode of Communication of Cholera,[21] followed by a more detailed treatise in 1855 incorporating the results of his investigation of the role of the water supply in the Soho epidemic of 1854.[22][23]
- John Snow was one of the first physicians to study and calculate dosages for the use of ether and chloroform as surgical anaesthetics, allowing patients to undergo surgical and obstetric procedures without the distress and pain they would otherwise experience. He designed the apparatus to safely administer ether to the patients and also designed a mask to administer chloroform.[16] He personally administered chloroform to Queen Victoria when she gave birth to the last two of her nine children, Leopold in 1853 and Beatrice in 1857 and was still not yet knighted,[17] leading to wider public acceptance of obstetric anaesthesia. Snow published an article on ether in 1847 entitled On the Inhalation of the Vapor of Ether.[ Snow was a skeptic of the then-dominant miasma theory that stated that diseases such as cholera and bubonic plague were caused by pollution or a noxious form of "bad air". The germ theory of disease had not yet been developed, so Snow did not understand the mechanism by which the disease was transmitted. His observation of the evidence led him to discount the theory of foul air. He first published his theory in an 1849 essay, On the Mode of Communication of Cholera,[21] followed by a more detailed treatise in 1855 incorporating the results of his investigation of the role of the water supply in the Soho epidemic of 1854.[22][23]
- John Snow was one of the first physicians to study and calculate dosages for the use of ether and chloroform as surgical anaesthetics, allowing patients to undergo surgical and obstetric procedures without the distress and pain they would otherwise experience. He designed the apparatus to safely administer ether to the patients and also designed a mask to administer chloroform.[16] He personally administered chloroform to Queen Victoria when she gave birth to the last two of her nine children, Leopold in 1853 and Beatrice in 1857 and was still not yet knighted,[17] leading to wider public acceptance of obstetric anaesthesia. Snow published an article on ether in 1847 entitled On the Inhalation of the Vapor of Ether.[ Snow was a skeptic of the then-dominant miasma theory that stated that diseases such as cholera and bubonic plague were caused by pollution or a noxious form of "bad air". The germ theory of disease had not yet been developed, so Snow did not understand the mechanism by which the disease was transmitted. His observation of the evidence led him to discount the theory of foul air. He first published his theory in an 1849 essay, On the Mode of Communication of Cholera,[21] followed by a more detailed treatise in 1855 incorporating the results of his investigation of the role of the water supply in the Soho epidemic of 1854.[22][23]
- John Snow was one of the first physicians to study and calculate dosages for the use of ether and chloroform as surgical anaesthetics, allowing patients to undergo surgical and obstetric procedures without the distress and pain they would otherwise experience. He designed the apparatus to safely administer ether to the patients and also designed a mask to administer chloroform.[16] He personally administered chloroform to Queen Victoria when she gave birth to the last two of her nine children, Leopold in 1853 and Beatrice in 1857 and was still not yet knighted,[17] leading to wider public acceptance of obstetric anaesthesia. Snow published an article on ether in 1847 entitled On the Inhalation of the Vapor of Ether.[ Snow was a skeptic of the then-dominant miasma theory that stated that diseases such as cholera and bubonic plague were caused by pollution or a noxious form of "bad air". The germ theory of disease had not yet been developed, so Snow did not understand the mechanism by which the disease was transmitted. His observation of the evidence led him to discount the theory of foul air. He first published his theory in an 1849 essay, On the Mode of Communication of Cholera,[21] followed by a more detailed treatise in 1855 incorporating the results of his investigation of the role of the water supply in the Soho epidemic of 1854.[22][23]
- Sanitation: The policy and practice of protecting health through hygienic measures Disinfection Disinfection: Eliminates most pathogens but not necessarily all types of microbes. Disinfection reduces the level of microbial contamination. Chemical disinfection does not kill spores, unlike chemical sterilization. Some common laboratory disinfectants include freshly prepared10% bleach and 70% ethanol. Sterilization A sterile surface/object is completely free of living microorganisms and viruses. Sterilization procedures kill all microorganisms. Methods used in sterilization procedures include heat, ethylene oxide gas, hydrogen peroxide gas, plasma, ozone, and radiation. Decontamination Decontamination renders an item or material safe to handle. The level of microbial contamination is reduced enough that it can be reasonably assumed free of risk of infection transmission. Sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis are forms of decontamination. Antiseptics and disinfectants both kill microorganisms, and many people use the terms interchangeably. Adding to the confusion, antiseptics are sometimes called skin disinfectants. ... An antiseptic is applied to the body, while disinfectants are applied to nonliving surfaces, such as countertops and handrails