CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

1. Chronic
Obstructive
Pulmonary
Disease (COPD)
Presented By-
Chaudhari Khyati S.

2. Anatomy & Physiology Of Lungs

3. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease
– DEFINITION:
– COPD is an umbrella term used to describe chronic lung diseases in which air
flow is obstructed by emphysema, chronic bronchitis, refractory(irreversible)
asthma and severe bronchiectasis.
– OTHER NAMES:
– COLD- Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
– CAL- Chronic Air Flow Limitation
– CLRD- Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease

4. Risk Factors
– Cigarette Smoking
– Passive Smoking
– Occupation Exposure
– Asthma
– Bronchitis
– Lung Growth (Tumor)
– Ambient Air Pollution
– Infection
– Family History

5. Pathophysiology
 Due to etiological factors
 Abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs due to toxic gases
 Narrowing of the airway
 Destructions of lung parenchyma
 Emphysema( Impaired gas exchange)
 Pulmonary vascular changes
 Hypersecretion of mucus
 Chronic cough and Sputum Production

6. Clinical Manifestations
– Chronic coughing
– Dyspnea
– Frequent respiratory infections
– Production of purulent sputum
– Enlarged A.P. diameter of chest
– Acute & Chronic respiratory failure
– Wheezing
– Increased work of breathing
– Tightness of chest
– Weight loss
– Respiratory insufficiency
– Tachypnea
– Pitting peripheral edema
– Fatigue
– May develop cyanosis
– Morning headache
– Hemoptysis

7. Diagnostic Evaluations
 Medical History
 Physical Examination
 Lung Function Test : It measures how much air person can breathe in and out.
 Chest X- ray
 Chest CT scan
 Arterial Blood Gas Analysis
 Pulse oximetry
 Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Level (100-300 mg/dL)

8. Management
Medical Management
Surgical Management
Nursing Management

9. Medical Management
 Improve Ventilation
1. Broncho dilators : Salbutamol,
ibuterol
2. Anticholinergics : Ipratropium
Bromide
3. Methylxanthines : Theophylline
4. Corticosteroids
5. Oxygen Administration
6. Remove Bronchial secretion
7. Promote exercise
8. Control Complication
9. Improve general health

10. Surgical Management
1. Bullectomy
2. Lung Volume Reduction Surgery
3. Lung Transplantation

11. Nursing Management
– Assessment
– Physical Examination
– Diagnosis
– Intervention

12. Care Plan
– Impaired gas exchange related to decreased ventilation & mucous plugs.
– Ineffective airway clearance related to excessive secretion and ineffective
coughing.
– Anxiety related to acute breathing difficulties and fear of suffocation.
– Activity intolerance related to inadequate oxygenation and dyspnea.
– Disturbed sleep pattern related to dyspnea and external stimuli.
– Risk for infection related to ineffective pulmonary clearence.