1. SHARIROPKRAMA
BY-
Dr Pankaj Rajvanshi M.D. (Ayu.)
Assistant Professor
PG DEPARTMENT OF RACHANA SHARIR
HIMALAYIYAAYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE AND
HOSPITAL, DEHRADUN
2. SHARIR
Sharir should be known as a body; which is
described as follows;
The term Sharir is derived as follows –
‘k`&bju~ ( ‘kh;Zrs vusu bfr ‘kjhje~{kh;ek.ks
nsgsA (Shabdastoma Mahanidhi)
“to be rendered to pieces” either by degeneration or decay.
Tkk;Urs gsrqoS”kE;kn~ fo”kek nsg/kkro%A
gsrqlkE;kr~ lekLrs”kka LoHkkoksije%
lnkAA (Ch.Sut.16/27)
Gradual decay of the body has been considered as
Swabhavoparam. The body gradually decays even with
3. iaPpegkHkwr ‘kjhfjleok;%iq:”k bfrA l ,o
deZiq:”kf’pfdRlk∙f/kd`r%A (Su.Sh.1/21)
Five elements (Mahabhoot) and Atma, these six
component are known as a Shad dhatu Purush.
Shad dhatu Purush is also called Karma Purush.
Treatment of this Purush is based on
panchmahabhoot, so this is called as a Chikitsa
Purush.
4. r= ‘kjhja uke psrukf/k”BkuHkwra
iaPpegkHkwrfodkj leqnk;kReda le;ksxokfgA
(Ch.Sh.6/4)
Three words are important in the above definition-
Sharir is the seat of Chetna , Panchmahabhoot Vikar
Samuday and Samyogvahi.
‘kjhjfefr dLekr~ vXu;ks á= J;Urs
KkukfXunZ’kZukfXu%
dks”BkfXufjfrA (Garbopnishad)
The abode of Gyanagni, Darshnagni, and Koshtagni is
also known as Sharir.
5. [kkn;’psruk”k”Bk% /kkro% iq:”k% Le`r%A
psruk/kkrqjI;sd%Le`r%
iq:”k%laKd%AA(Ch.Sh.1/16)
Panchmahabhoot along with Chetana is known as
Saddhatu Purush and Chetana alone known as Purush.
iqu’p/kkrqHksnsu prqfoZa’kfrd% Le`r%A
euks
n’ksfUnz;k.;FkkZ%izd`fr’pk”V/kkrqdhAA(Ch.Sh.1
/17)
Acharya Charak described in another classification
Purush comprises of twenty four dhatu i.e. Mana, Ten
Indriyas, Panchmahabhoot and Asta Prakriti.This is
6. vfi pSds lzksrlkeso leqn;e~ iq:”kfePNfUrA
(Ch.Vi.5/4)
The aggregate of srotas is known as Purush
l
;nkgLr&ikn&ftOgk&?kzk.k&d.kZ&fuRkEckfnf
HkjaX³aS:Iks
rLrnk‘kjhj’k bfr laKka yHkrsA (Su.Sh.5/3)
Hasta (Lower limb), Pada (upper limb), Jiwha (Tongue),
Ghrana (Olfectory organ), Karna (Ear), Nitamba (Gluteal
region) etc.are known as Sharir
*nks”k/kkrqeyewyafg‘kjhje~*
7. SHAARIR
Sharir should be known as body, While Shaarir is
the subject, which comprises Rachna Sharir and
Kriya Sharir.
bR;= tUeej.ka ;r% lE;xqnkâre~A ‘kjhjL; rr%
LFkkua
‘kkjhjfeneqP;rsAA (A.H.Sh.6/73)
The place where birth and death, is described
properly with example, of body is known as
Shaarir.
8. ‘kjhja fpUr;rs losZ
nSoekuq”klainkAloZHkkoS;ZrLrLelPNjhja
(Ch.Sh.8/69)
Acharya Charak Says that the entire body is well known
in all aspects and also for knowing the Daiv Sampda
(godly) and Manusa Sampda (humanly) excellence of
the same(body).In this way where the knowledge of
Sharir from all aspects is described as a Shaarir.
9. Knowledge and Importance of Sharir
and Shaarir
‘kjhjfop;% ‘kjhjksidkjkFkZfe”;rsA KkRok fg
‘kjhjrRoa ‘kjhjksidkjdjs”kq Hkkos”kq
KkueqRi|rs rLekPNjhjfop;a
iz’kalfUr dq’kyk%AA (Ch.Sh.6/3)
Acharya Charak Says that detailed knowledge of the
analysis of the human body is necessary for the
maintenance of the health of the body. In this way to be
a perfect Vaidya detail knowledge of Sharir is essential.
10. ‘kjhjs pSo ‘kkL=S p n`”VkFkZ% L;kf}’kkjn%A
n`”VJqrkH;ka
lansgeokiksápjsr~ (Su.Sh.5/63)
Acharya Sushruta says that “the Vaidya learned by
observing the body with his own eyes (Praktyaksha) and
is well read in the books (Shaastra) becomes perfect
because Vaidya removes all doubts concerning subject
by seeing own eyes and learning the books (Shrut), such
types of Vaidya can carry his activities properly.
‘kjhjla[;ka ;ks osn lokZo;o’kks fHk”kd~A
rnKkufufeRrsu
l eksgus u ;qT;rsAA (Ch.Sh.7/19)
Acharya Charak says that “Vaidya (Bhishak) who knows
Sharir Sankhya and all Avyav of the body, does not get
confused due to its ignorance”.
11. ‘kjhja loZFkk losZ loZnk osn ;ks fHk”kd~A
vk;qosZna l
dkRLU;sZu osn yksdlq[kizne~AA
(Ch.Sh.6/19)
Acharya Charak further says that “The Vaidya Who is
well known with the body in all aspect, whole body and
always such types of Vaidya is well known with the
ayurveda is able to provide happiness to the world”.
izR;{krks fg ;r~ n`”Va ‘kkL=n`”VaTp ;õsrA
leklrLrnqHk;a Hkw;ks Kkufoo)Zue~AA
(Su.Sh.5/60)
Knowledge analysis/observed by the Pratyaksha and that
obtained by the study of books (Shaastra), both together
12. rPp “kMX³ae~ ‘kk[kk’próks] e/;a
iaTpea]“k”Ba f’kj%
(Su.Sh.5/3)
}kS ckgw }s lfDFkuh f’kjksxzhoeUrjkf/kfjfr
“kMaxeaxe~AA
(Ch.Sh.7/5)
f’kjks∙Urjkf/k}kSZ ckgw lfDFuh p leklr%A
“kMXa³eaxe~
(A.H.Sh.3/1)
Ayurvedic Acharyas described the Shadang Sharir
as follows;
Shakha or Bahu -Two Upper limbs
Shakha or Sakthi -Two lower limbs
Shadangatva Of Sharir
13. Modern medical Science also described
the body in to six parts ;
1-Upeer limb(Urdhva Shakha)
2-Lower limb(Adho Shakha)
3-Thorex(Vaksha)
4-Abdomen (Udar)
5-Head and Neck(Shir Evam Griva)
6-Brain and Spinal cord (Mastishka / Sushumna)
14. Anga Pratyang Vibhag-
vax 'kkjhje~ vaxkU;o;ok%
izR;axeo;oL;kO;o;o%A
(Indu Comm. on A .S.Sh.5)
'kk[kk’prL=ks ew?kksZj% i`"Bksnjk.;xakfu]
fpcqd uklkS"BJo.kk³~xqfyikf".kZ
ize`rhfuizR;axkfu
(Dalhan Comm. on Su.Sh.3/18)
18. Pratyang No. Pratyang No. Pratyang No.
Udar
(Abdomen)
01 Gojiwhika
(Tongue)
01 Padhirday
(soles of feet)
02
Stana
(Breasts)
02
r=kXa³kU;Urjkf/kld~fFkckgqf’kjfl rno;ok%
izR;aX³uhfrA
(Su.Sut.35/12)
Avayav(Organs) of six parts should be known asPratyanga.
19. ldyefi 'kjhje³~XkfeR;qP;rsA rPp iqu% “kMax
f’kjks∙Urjkf/k}kSZ ckgw lfDFuh pA
us=ukfHkikf.kiknknhfu
RoL; izR;aMaXkkfuAA (A.S.Sh.5/2)
Whole sharir (Shadanga Sharir) is known as Anga and
Netra (Eye), Nabhi (Umblicus), Pani(Hands), Pada (Feet)
etc. are called as Pratyang.
f’kjks∙Urjkf/k}kSZ ckgw lfDFuh p leklr%A
“kMaXke³~xe izR;axrL;kf{kgn;kfnde~A
(A.H.Sh.3/1)
Shir(Head), Antradhi(Trunk), Bahu(Upper limb), Sakthi
(Lower limb), are the Anga of the body and Akshi,
Hriday etc. are called Pratyang.
20. RoDi;ZurL; nsgL; ;ks∙;e³~xfofu’p;%A
'kY;Kkukêrs uS"ko.;Zr∙axs"kq ds"kqfpr~AA
(Su.Sh.5/58)
rLekfUu%la’k; Kkua g=kZ ’kY;L; okaPNrkA
’kks/kf;Rok e`ra
lE;Xnz"VO;ksvaxfofu’p;%AA
(Su.Sh.5/59)
Preservation and Dissection
Method of Dead Body
22. • Acharya Sushruta described the cadaveric dissection;
description of parts of the Sharir commencing with the
skin furnished so far, cannot obtained the Shalya Gyan
(Knowledge of surgery) by any body.
• Acharya also described; Vaidya who desires to remove
the foreign bodies, should obtained undoubtful
knowledge by dissecting a cadaver and observing all the
organs and understanding them fully.
• Dead body of human (cadaver), having all its parts, not
dead by either poison or chronic disease, not more than
hundred years of age, should be obtained;
23. • Faeces present in the intestines should be removed; then
the body is wrapped either with Munja, Valkal (inner
bark of trees) , Kusha(Grass-Part of Panch trinamool),
Shan(hemp), or any such material , tied well and placed
inside a cage, which is kept in a slow running stream, at
a hidden place and allowed to undergo putrification.
• After knowing that it has become properly putrified, it
should be taken out removed of its binding and observed
for seven days, scrubbing it slowly with brushes made
from Usheer (grass), Bala (hairs), Venu (bamboo), Valkal
((inner bark of trees), or any other similar material and
observe with his own eyes, all the external (Bahya) and
internal (Abhyantar) parts like the skin, muscles,etc.
24. Uk 'kD;’p{kq"kk nz"Vqa nsgs lw{ereks
foHkq%A
n`’;rs Kkup{kqfHkZLri’p{kqfHkZjso pAA
(Su.Sh.5/62)
Acharya says that; Minute structure are not possible to
see with naked eyes. Minute identity (Vibhu-Aatma)
can be seen with Gyan Chakshu and Tapas Chakshu.
25. Method ‘A’-
In the present day, preservation of cadavers is usually
accomplished by inserting tubes into a large artery
(usually the femoral artery), and then infusing a mixture
of formalin (40% solution of formaldehyde), industrial
alcohol, phenol, and glycerin.
26. This mixture ensures that the body is both sterilized and
preserved, and the glycerin prevents the tissues from
becoming excessively hardened, thereby facilitating the
process of dissection.
Method ‘B’-
First of all 3 litre formalin (40%) injected through the
femoral artery; and after the three days ; Prepared the
mixture of Potassium carbonate(K2CO3) 500gm. (1Pound),
Arsenic tri oxide (As2O3)500gm.(1Pound) and Lead (As a
colouring agent) with 5 litre of water. Then Boiled it ,
cooled moderately and insert in the body through the
artery .
27. 1. Use of Apron
2. Instruments
3. Care of hairs
4. Removal of rings, bangles, chains of neck and hands
before dissection
5. Care of nails
6. Washing of Hands
7. Apron should be hanged separately.
8. Hygiene should be maintained.
Culture of Dissection Hall
28. 1. Terms of Position:-
• Anatomical position
• Superior or cephalic
• Inferior or caudal
• Anterior or Ventral
• Posterior or Dorsal
• Median Plane
• Anterior and Posterior median lines
• Medial and Lateral
• Ulnar or radial side in the forearm
General Introduction
29. • Tibial or fibular side in leg
• External and internal
• Superficial and deep
• Coronal plane
• Proximal and distal
• Middle and intermediate
31. • Ulnar deviation
• Rotation
• Pronation and supination
3.Instruments:-
One scalpel with blade
One scalpel without blade
Forceps and with tooth Forceps
Scissors
Needle
Lens
32. 4. Structures met in dissection:-
• Skin
• Superficial fascia
• Vessels (Arteries Veins and lymph)
• Lymph nodes
• Nerves
• Deep fascia
• Muscle
• Bursae and Synovial Sheath
34. Under the heading of division of shaarir in Ayurveda one
can divide the shaarir following two subjects;
Rachna Shaarir
Kriya Shaarir .
Subject Shaarir is described in ten chapters of Sushruta
Samhita Sharir Sthana;
1-Sarvabhoot Chinta Shareeram
2-Shukra Shonit Shuddhim Shareeram
3-Garhbhavkranti Shareeram
4-Garbha Vyakaranam Shareeram
5-Shareer Sankhya Vyakaranam
Division of Shaarir
36. Modern medical Science described the Anatomy
( Rachna Sharir) as following;
Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body or
the science of the structure of a body learned by
dissection. Theoretical knowledge of Anatomy is
described on the base of system of the body as well as
on the base of six parts of the body.
Dissection is performed on the base of six parts of the
body.
Anatomy can be studied as follows-
37. 1. Systemic anatomy: it is studied on the basis of
different systems such as;
Skeletal system -Osteology
Muscular system -Myology
Articulatory system -Arthrology
Vascular system -Angiology etc
2. Regional anatomy: Here the body is studied on
the basis of different regions such as; upper limb, lower
limb, thorax, abdomen, head & neck and brain & spinal
cord .
38. 3.Living Anatomy- Living anatomy is the observation
of the living body at rest or in action; by inspection,
palpation, auscultation, radiography, etc.
4.Developmental Anatomy (Embryology)-
Embryology examines the development of adult
structure from fertilized ovum.The developmental
history is called ontogeny.
5.Microscopic Anatomy (Histology) – The study
of structures with the aid of a microscope.
39. 6. Surface Anatomy (Topographic Anatomy)-
The study of the configuration of the surface of the
body, especially in its relation to deeper parts. This
forms an important part of the teaching of medical
students, who can practice on themselves the
identification of bones, landmarks, muscles, and
arterial pulses; the palpation of normal structures
through the intact skin.
7.Radiographic or Imaging Anatomy-
Descriptive anatomy based on three-dimensional
imaging of the body, organs, and structures using a
series of computer multiplane sections, displayed by
transverse, coronal, and sagittal analyses. It is essential
to accurate interpretation by the radiologist of such
techniques as ultrasonic diagnosis, magnetic
resonance imaging, and computed tomography.
40. 8.Comparative Anatomy- Comparative anatomy
is concerned with the structural differences of plant
and animal forms. The study of similarities and
differences in anatomical structures forms the basis
for classification of both plants and animals.
9.Clinical Anatomy (Applied Anatomy)- The
practical application of anatomical knowledge to
diagnosis and treatment
10.Experimental Anatomy –The study of the
factors which influence and determine the structure
and function of different parts of the body.
41. 11.Physical Anthropology - Anthropological
anatomy or physical anthropology relates to the
comparison of the anatomy of different races of
humans.
12.Physiological anatomy- the study of
anatomy in its relation to function
13.Genetics - The passing of genetic factors from
parent to offspring or the study of information
present in the chromosomes.
