The female reproductive system consists of internal and external organs that work together for reproduction. The internal organs include the vagina, uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and cervix. The uterus houses and nourishes the developing fetus. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones. The external organs are the vulva and clitoris. Diseases that can affect these organs include ovarian cysts, cervical cancer, endometriosis, and Bartholin's cyst. Symptoms and treatments vary depending on the specific organ and disease. The document provides detailed diagrams and explanations of each organ in the female reproductive system.

1. SCIENCE
HORMONES IN HUMAN REPRODUCTION
FEBRUARY 17,
2023

2. FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM

3. The female reproductive system is a group of organs that work
together to enable reproduction, pregnancy, and childbirth. It also
produces female sex hormones, including estrogen and progesterone.
The system consists of organs and tissues inside the body and some
that are visible outside the body. The internal and external organs.
Another organ, the clitoris, extends both inside and outside the
body. The external area surrounding the vagina is the vulva. Not
everyone who is assigned female at birth has all of these organs.
Sometimes, people are born without some parts or with a mixture of
female and male characteristics. This is known as intersex.Some
people also undergo procedures to remove some parts of the
reproductive system. Some of these procedures take place for
medical reasons, while others are the result of harmful cultural
practices, such as female genital mutilation.

4. Female Anatomy :
Labeled Diagrams
of the
Reproductive
System

5. INTERNAL ORGANS:
1. Vagina
The vagina is a muscular, hollow tube that
extends from the vaginal opening to the uterus.
Because it has muscular walls, the vagina can
expand and contract. This ability to become wider or
narrower allows the vagina to accommodate
something as slim as a tampon and as wide as a
baby. The vagina's muscular walls are lined with
mucous membranes, which keep it protected and
moist.
2. Uterus
Uterus, also called womb, an inverted pear-
shaped muscular organ of the female reproductive
system, located between the bladder and the rectum.
It functions to nourish and house a fertilized egg until
the fetus, or offspring, is ready to be delivered.
- Endometrium
The endometrium is the inner epithelial
layer.
-Myometrium
Myometrium is the thick outer muscle layer
of the corpus or fundus.
3. Ovary
One of a pair of female glands in which the eggs
form and the female hormones estrogen and
progesterone are made. These hormones play an
important role in female traits, such as breast
development, body shape, and body hair. They are also
involved in the menstrual cycle, fertility, and pregnancy.

6. 7. Ovum
The ovum is known as an egg cell and is
defined as the cell produced by the female
reproductive system when it undergoes meiosis to
produce egg cells. The plural form of an ovum is ova;
in both plants and animals, the ova are produced and
reside within the ovaries, located on both sides of the
human body. Each ovary is approximately 2.5-5
centimeters long, and each ovary contains
approximately 1-2 million ova. Only sexually
reproducing organisms such as plants, animals,
fungi, and protists produce ova.
4. Urinary Bladder
The bladder is a pyramidal shaped
organ, which sits in our pelvis (the bony structure
which helps form our hips). The main function of
the bladder is to store urine, and under the
appropriate signals, release it into a tube which
carries the urine out of the body.
5. Cervix
The cervix is the lower portion (or the
"neck") of the uterus. It is approximately 1 inch
long and 1 inch wide and opens into the vagina.
The cervix functions as the entrance for sperm to
enter the uterus. During menstruation, the cervix
opens slightly to allow menstrual blood to flow out
of the uterus.
6. Fallopian Tube
Fallopian tube, also called oviduct or
uterine tube, either of a pair of long narrow ducts
located in the human female abdominal cavity that
transport male sperm cells to the egg, provide a
suitable environment for fertilization, and transport
the egg from the ovary, where it is produced, to the
central channel (lumen) of the uterus.

7. EXTERNAL ORGANS:
1. Pubic Bone
The pubis is one of the three main
bones that make up the pelvis. It's also called the
pubic bone or the pelvic girdle.The pelvis is a
structure located between the abdomen and
thighs. The pubis is the most forward-facing bone
of the pelvic bones. The ilium, ischium, and pubis
form the deep, cup-shaped structure of the pelvic
girdle.
2. Mons Pubis
This mound of tissue is prominent in
females and is usually covered in pubic hair. The
mons pubis functions as a source of cushioning
during sexual intercourse. The mons pubis also
contains sebaceous glands that secrete
pheromones to induce sexual attraction.
3. Clitoris
Clitoris, female erogenous organ capable
of erection under sexual stimulation. A female
homologue of the male penis, the clitoris develops
(as does the penis) from the genital tubercle of the
fetus, and it plays an important role in female sexual
response.
4. Urethra
The female urethra is a relatively simple
tubular structure that has the sole purpose of
conducting urine from the bladder to the outside of
the body.
5. Labia Minora
The labia minora are found within the vulva
inferior to the mons pubis and medial to the labia
majora within the pudendal cleft. They extend from
the floor of the pudendal cleft to the top of the labia
majora or beyond, depending on the individual. In
fact, the labia minora show a considerable amount of
variation in length, width, shape, and pigmentation
between individuals.

8. 6. Labia Majora
Translated as “large lips,” this flap of
skin protects the vagina from foreign particles.
7. Hymen
Hymen is a small, thin piece of tissue
at the opening of your vagina. It's formed by
fragments of tissue left over from fetal
development. The size, shape and thickness of
your hymen are unique to you and can change
over time. When you're born, your hymen is
usually a ring-shaped piece of tissue that
surrounds your vaginal opening. Other times it
covers just the bottom of the opening of your
vagina. In rare cases, the hymen covers your
entire vaginal opening and causes issues with
menstruation.

9. Disease that can malfunction the parts
of Female Reproductive System:
INTERNAL ORGANS:
VAGINA
-Bartholin’s cyst - A Bartholin's cyst can develop if
the ducts of glands at the entrance of the vagina
become blocked.
UTERUS
-Endometriosis - Endometriosis is a problem
affecting a woman’s uterus—the place where a
baby grows when a woman is pregnant.
Endometriosis is when the kind of tissue that
normally lines the uterus grows somewhere else. It
can grow on the ovaries, behind the uterus, on the
bowels, or on the bladder. Rarely, it grows in other
parts of the body.
OVARY
-Ovarian Cancer - Cancer of the ovary is not common,
but it causes more deaths than other female reproductive
cancers. The sooner ovarian cancer is found and treated,
the better your chance for recovery. But ovarian cancer is
hard to detect early. Women with ovarian cancer may
have no symptoms or just mild symptoms until the
disease is in an advanced stage. Then it is hard to treat.
Symptoms may include.
URINARY BLADDER
-Interstitial Cystitis - Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a condition
that causes discomfort or pain in the bladder and a need
to urinate frequently and urgently. It is far more common
in women than in men. The symptoms vary from person
to person. Some people may have pain without urgency
or frequency. Others have urgency and frequency without
pain. Women's symptoms often get worse during their
periods. They may also have pain with sexual intercourse.

10. CERVIX
-Cervical Cancer - The cervix is the lower part of
the uterus, the place where a baby grows during
pregnancy. Cervical cancer is caused by a virus
called HPV {Human Papillomavirus}. The virus
spreads through sexual contact. Most women's
bodies are able to fight HPV infection. But
sometimes the virus leads to cancer. You're at
higher risk if you smoke, have had many children,
use birth control pills for a long time, or have HIV
infection.
FALLOPIAN TUBE
-Salpingitis - Salpingitis is the inflammation of the
fallopian tube, most commonly caused by an
infection. Acute salpingitis is often used
synonymously with pelvic inflammatory disease
(PID) because it is the most common form of PID
and because the most common and serious long-
term sequelae of PID involve the tubes.
OVUM
-Ovarian Cysts - The ovaries are part of the female
reproductive system. They produce a woman's eggs
and make female hormones. Ovarian cysts are fluid-
filled sacs in or on an ovary. They usually form during
ovulation, when the ovary releases an egg. They are
usually harmless and go away by themselves. Most
women have them sometime during their lives.sts -

11. EXTERNAL ORGANS:
PUBIC BONE AND MONS PUBIS
-Symphysis pubis dysfunction (SPD) - a group of
symptoms that cause discomfort in the pelvic region.
It usually occurs during pregnancy, when your pelvic
joints become stiff or move unevenly. It can occur
both at the front and back of your pelvis. SPD is also
sometimes referred to as pelvic girdle pain.The
condition isn’t harmful to your baby, but it could be
extremely painful for you. In some, the pain may be
so severe that it affects mobility.
CLITORIS
-Clitoris pain - medically known as clitorodynia, is a
painful sensation you feel on your clitoris. It can
range from mild to severe, and you might
experience:burning,stinging,itching,rawness,irritatio
n,discomfort
URETHRA
-Urethral Syndrome - Urethral syndrome is a
condition that leads to urethra irritation. The cause
isn’t known, but may include hormonal imbalances,
urethra injury or STIs. Symptoms include frequent,
painful and difficult urination. Treatments include
medications and relaxation techniques. You may have
urethral syndrome your entire life, but symptoms
often decrease over time.
LABIA MINORA
-Lichen sclerosus or planus - Skin conditions that
can affect the labia include lichen sclerosus or lichen
planus. These can lead to severe itching, burning or
stinging, and painful sex. They are thought to be
caused by autoimmune disorders and are most
common in women after menopause.

12. HYMEN
- imperforate hymen - A half moon of thin
membrane normally surrounds the opening
of a young girl's vagina. In the case of an
imperforate hymen, a membrane extends all
the way across the area of the hymen,
blocking the vaginal opening. It is easily
corrected through a minor surgery.An
imperforate hymen may be detected in a
newborn, as there may be a bulge in the
hymenal membrane from normal mucus in
the vagina that cannot drain. The imperforate
hymen may not be diagnosed until childhood
or at the time of a girl's first period.

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