What do you know about Walls?

1. WALL

2. WHAT ARE WALLS?
wall is a structure and a surface that defines an area,
carries a load; provides security,shelter,or
soundproofing; or is decorative.
It is a structural element used to divide or enclose, and,
in building construction, to form the periphery of a
room or a building. In traditional masonry construction,
walls supported the weight of floors and roofs, but
modern steel and reinforced concrete frames,as well as
heavy timber and other skeletal structures,require
exterior walls only for shelter and sometimes dispense
with them on the ground floor to permit easier access.
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3. TYPES OF WALLS
Load BearingWalls
• Precast ConcreteWall
• Retaining Wall
• MasonryWall
• Pre Panelized Load
Bearing Metal Stud Walls
• BrickWall
• StoneWall
Non-Load BearingWall
• Hollow Concrete Block
• Facade Bricks
• Hollow Bricks
1. CavityWalls
2. ShearWalls
3. Partition Walls
4. Panel Walls
5. VeneeredWalls
6. FacedWalls

4. PURPOSE & REQUIREMENTS
The main purpose of walls in building construction is not only to protect buildingsfrom damage but also
to divide them for differentroomsor spaces.There are various functional requirementsof walls that
should satisfy to perform its functions adequately.
Functional Requirements of Walls in Building Construction
Following are the functional requirementsof walls in a building construction:
• Strength
• Stability
• Weather and ground moisture Resistance
• Durability
• Fire safetyResistance to heat passage
• Sound resistance

5. TECHNICS AND INSTALLATION

6. MATERIALS-BRICK
A brick is a type of block used to
build walls, pavements and other
elements in masonry construction.
Properly, the term brick denotes a
block composed of dried clay, but is
now also used informally to denote
other chemically cured construction
blocks.Bricks are laid in courses and
numerous patterns known as bonds,
collectively known as brickwork, and
may be laid in various kinds
of mortar to hold the bricks
together to make a durable
structure.

7. LATERITE STORY
Of the various soil types that occur in the tropics and sub-tropics, laterites are of
special interest in conjunction with building construction.These are highly
weathered soils, which contain large, though extremelyvariable, proportions of
iron and aluminium oxides, as well as quartz and other minerals.They are found
abundantly in the tropics and sub-tropics, where they Generally occur just below
the surface of wide grasslands or forest clearings in Regions with high rainfall.The
colours can vary from ochre through red,brown, violet to black, depending
largely on the concentration of iron oxides

8. • Soft occurrences tend to harden on exposure to air, which
is why blocks have traditionally (eg in India) been cut in situ,
allowed to harden and then used for masonry wall
construction (hence the name was derived from “later”, the
latin word for “brick”).
• The darker the laterite, the harder,heavier and more
resistant to moisture it is.
• Some laterites are found to have a pozzolanic reaction
when mixed with lime (which can be explained by the high
clay content), producing hard and durable building materials
(eg stabilized blocks).

9. MATERIALS - CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT
A concrete masonry unit (CMU) is
a standard size rectangular block
used in building construction.
CMUs are some of the most
versatile building products available
because of the wide variety of
appearances that can be achieved
using them.

10. MATERIALS – CLAY BLOCK PARTITIONS

11. MATERIALS - CEMENT FIBER SHEETS

12. MATERIALS – GLASS PARTITIONS

13. MATRRIALS – GLASS PARTITIONS

14. MATERIALS – GYPSUM DRYWALL
Gypsum drywall is what most modern
walls are built with.The boards are made
of dried gypsum plaster sandwiched
between two sheets of heavy paper
creating a board that is easier to install
than traditional plaster applied with a
trowel.When a gypsum drywall panel is
manufactured,it may very well be made
of 50% air!This allows it to be much
lighter than traditionally applied plaster
and aids in installation.It also may have an
asphalt or wax emulsion added to the
gypsum drywall board to repel moisture.

15. PANELLING
Panelling (or paneling in the U.S.) is a millwork wall covering constructed from
rigid or semi-rigid components.These are traditionally interlocking wood, but
could be plastic or other materials.

16. VENEER AND LAMINATE FINISH

17. UPHOLSTERED WALL PANEL

18. MDF PANELS

19. PVC PANEL

20. MIRROR FINISH PANEL

21. FABRIC PANEL

22. ACOUSTICAL PANELING

23. BOARD PANEL

24. CLADDING
Cladding is an exterior finishing system akin to a skin or an additional
non-load bearing layer which serves a dual purpose. ... The
right cladding helps to maintain the buildings weather-tight and cost-
effective, at the same time provides thermal insulation, reducing the
temperature variation inside the building.

25. TERACOTTA CLADDING

26. STONE CLADDING

27. METAL CLADDING

28. BRICK CLADDING

29. TIMBER CLADDING

30. WEATHER BOARD CLADDING

31. VINYL CLADDING

32. CONCRETE CLADDING

33. STICK FRAME CLADDING

34. FIBER CEMENT CLADDING

35. CURTAIN WALL CLADDING (GLASS)

36. MOSAIC CLADDING

37. SPECIAL TYPES OF CLADDING

38. RAIN SCREEN CLADDING

39. GREEN WALL

40. TYPES OF BUILDING FINISHES
• PLASTERING
• POINTING
• PAINTING
• VARNISHING
• DIS-TEMPERING
• WHITEWASHING
• COLORWASHING

41. PLASTERING
This is the process of covering various
surfaces of the structure with a plastic
material such as cement mortar, lime
mortar or composite mortar, etc to obtain
an even,smooth, regular,clean and durable
surface. Plastering conceals inferior quality
materials and defective workmanship and
also provides a protective coating against
atmospheric effects. It further provides a
base for receiving other decorative finishes
such as painting, white washing, etc.

42. POINTING
This is the process of finishing of
mortar joints in exposed brick or stone
masonry,which is achieved through
two operations. Firstly, masonry joints
in brick or stone are raked out to a
depth of about 15 mm and then these
spaces are filled up by a suitable mortar
of richer mix. Pointing gives a good
appearance to the masonry work and
also prevents the entry of water into
the wall.

43. PAINTING
This is the process of coating with
paint as a final finish to all surfaces such
as walls, ceilings, wood work, metal
work, etc in order to protect them
from weathering effects to prevent
decay of wood and corrosion in metal,
and over and above to obtain a clean,
colorful and pleasing surface.

44. VARNISHING
This is the process of applying varnish
to the wooden surfaces and also to the
painted surfaces,in order to improve
their appearance and protect them
from atmospheric actions.

45. DIS-TEMPERING
This is the process of applying distemper
over the plastered surfaces more easily and
with lesser cost than paints and varnishes, to
safeguard them against weather effects and
improve their appearance.A distemper as
water paint, consist of whiting (i.e. powered
chalk), glue or casein which act as a binder,
and suitable proportions of fast colour
pigments. Distempers are readily available in
a variety of different shades in the form of a
stiff paste or dry powder in sealed tins.

46. WHITE WASHING
In this process, a mixture of pure fat slaked
lime in sufficient quantity of water is first
prepared.It is then screened through coarse
cloth and a mixture of boiled gum with rice in
certain proportions is added to it.The
solution so formed,called white-wash, is then
applied by brushes to a specified number of
coats, usually three.

47. COLOR WASHING
It is similar to white washing except a
coloring pigment of desired shade and
nature, unaffected by lime, is added to
white wash. Colour washing is applied
in one or two coats only.