2. 2 v 1.2
Session Meta Data
Author K.S.VIJAY SEKAR
Reviewer
Version Number 1.2
Release Date 12.04.2018
3. 3 v 1.2
Revision History
Revision Date Details Version
no.
12 April 2018 1. New SSN template applied 1.2
4. 4 v 1.2
Session Objectives
• NDT Versus Mechanical testing
• Overview of the Non Destructive Testing Methods for the
detection of manufacturing defects as well as material
characterization
• Relative merits and limitations
• Various physical characteristics of materials and their
applications in NDT
• Visual inspection – Unaided and aided.
5. 5 v 1.2
Session Outcomes
• At the end of this session, participants will be able to
– Know what NDT is
– Know the various NDT methods
– Understand their merits and demerits
– Know visual inspection techniques
6. 6 v 1.2
Agenda
• NDT Versus Mechanical testing
• Overview of the Non Destructive Testing Methods for the
detection of manufacturing defects as well as material
characterization
• Relative merits and limitations
• Various physical characteristics of materials and their
applications in NDT
• Visual inspection – Unaided and aided.
7. 7 v 1.2
NDT vs Mechanical Testing
• Nondestructive testing and evaluation is the process of
inspecting, testing, evaluating materials for defects and
discontinuities, or differences in material characteristics
without destroying the function or the application of the
part or component. The tested components can be
reused again.
• Mechanical testing is used to determine the physical
properties of materials such as impact resistance,
ductility, yield and ultimate tensile strength, fracture
toughness and fatigue strength. The tested components
cannot be reused again.
8. 8 v 1.2
Agenda
• NDT Versus Mechanical testing
• Overview of the Non Destructive Testing Methods for the
detection of manufacturing defects as well as material
characterization
• Relative merits and limitations
• Various physical characteristics of materials and their
applications in NDT
• Visual inspection – Unaided and aided.
9. 9 v 1.2
Overview of NDT methods
• The various NDT techniques are
1. Visual inspection
2. Liquid penetrant testing
3. Magnetic particle testing
4. Thermography
5. Eddy current testing
6. Ultrasonic testing
7. Acoustic emission testing
8. Radiography
10. 10 v 1.2
Visual inspection
• The earliest method of NDT is visual inspection. By
visual inspection through naked eye or through a
microscope, important details can be collected on the
inspected part. Such results would be useful for future
analysis and help decide on the type of NDT to be used
for future analysis.
• Visual inspection can be used for identyfying – cracks
on surface, surface deposits, scaling, erosion,
discoloration, mechanical damage and missing parts.
11. 11 v 1.2
Liquid penetrant testing
• A penetrant solution is applied to the surface of a pre
cleaned component.
• The penetrant solution is pulled onto surface-breaking
defects by capillary action.
• The excess penetrant is wiped off the surface.
• A developer (dry or aqueous) is applied to pull the
trapped penetrant back to the surface where it is spread
out and indicates the presence of defects.
• The indication is much easier to see than the actual
defect using naked eyes or UV light.
12. 12 v 1.2
Magnetic particle testing
• In MPT a magnetic field is created in a ferromagnetic
material.
• The magnetic lines of force travel through the
ferromagnetic material, exit and re-enter at the poles.
• Material defects such as crack or voids cannot support
all the flux, and will push some of the flux outside of the
component.
• These magnetic particles will be distributed over the
surface of the component and will be attracted to areas
of flux leakage and produce a visible indication.
13. 13 v 1.2
Thermography
• In the Thermography method a form of heating or
cooling is induced to the part.
• The movement and distribution of the temperature profile
across the part surface is measured.
• The evidence of cracks or material changes is detected
based on the thermal images where even infra red
changes can be picked up.
14. 14 v 1.2
Eddy current testing
• In the ECT method, an alternating current is passed
through a coil producing a magnetic field.
• When this coil is placed near a conductive material, the
changing magnetic field induces a secondary current in
the material.
• Such secondary currents called eddy currents travel in
closed loops.
• These eddy currents produce their own magnetic field
that can be measured and are used to detect flaws.
• They are also used to characterize conductivity, and
permeability.
15. 15 v 1.2
Ultrasonic testing
• In UT, a high frequency sound wave is sent into the part
using a transducer probe.
• The travelling sound waves are received by the same
transducer or a second transducer.
• The amount of sound energy transmitted or received and
the time the energy is received is analyzed to determine
the presence of sub surface cracks and inner flaws.
• Any changes in material thickness and material
properties can also be identified using UT.
16. 16 v 1.2
Acoustic emission testing
• In AET, minute Acoustic emission signals are detected
by growing discontinuities in the part / material under a
stimulus such as pressure, stress and temperature.
• An in depth analysis of these AE signals provide
information regarding the location & detection of these
discontinuities and also help establish the soundness of
the structural integrity.
17. 17 v 1.2
Radiography
• Radiography uses X-rays and Gamma rays for detection.
• These X-rays/Gamma rays are used to produce images
of objects using film or other detectors that are sensitive
to radiation.
• The part / test object is placed between the radiation
source and detector.
• The thickness and the density of the material that X-
rays/Gamma rays must penetrate affects the amount of
radiation reaching the detector.
• This variation in radiation produces an image on the
detector that helps detect internal cracks.
18. 18 v 1.2
Agenda
• NDT Versus Mechanical testing
• Overview of the Non Destructive Testing Methods for the
detection of manufacturing defects as well as material
characterization
• Relative merits and limitations
• Various physical characteristics of materials and their
applications in NDT
• Visual inspection – Unaided and aided.
19. 19 v 1.2
LPT - Relative merits and limitations
Merits:
• Large areas can be inspected fast, at low cost.
• Parts with complex geometry can be easily inspected.
• Test results are evident directly on the surface of the part providing
a visual image of the crack or discontinuity.
• Capital cost is minimal.
Limitations:
• Can detect only surface cracks/defects.
• Surface preparation is preeminent to cleanse any contaminants
which masquerade as defects.
• The test needs a smooth and nonporous surface.
• Post cleaning is a must to remove applied chemicals.
• Multiple operations needed under controlled conditions.
• Need to handle chemicals carefully.
20. 20 v 1.2
MPT - Relative merits and limitations
Merits:
• Large areas of complex parts can be inspected.
• Can detect surface and subsurface DEFECTS.
• Surface preparation is less IMPORTANT than in penetrant method.
• Test results are produced directly on the surface of the part.
• Capital costs are low.
Limitations:
• Only ferromagnetic materials can be tested.
• Alignment of magnetic field and defect is critical to results.
• Large currents are needed for very large parts.
• Requires a smooth surface.
• Sensitivity can be affected by Paint/nonmagnetic coatings.
• Demagnetization is a must.
21. 21 v 1.2
Thermography - Relative merits and
limitations
Merits:
• Thermography finds application in the monitoring of temperature, in
boilers, mufflers, reaction towers, refining furnaces, ducts and
piping, detection of corrosion in oil tank shell and measurement of oil
levels etc.,
• It can be operated directly or in remotely.
• Can be used to detect a wide range of temperatures.
Limitations:
• Thermal mapping has to be done for trouble shooting.
• High capital cost.
22. 22 v 1.2
ECT - Relative merits and limitations
Merits:
• ECT can detect surface and closer to surface defects.
• The test probe need not touch the part.
• Little part cleaning/ preparation is required.
Limitations:
• Only conductive materials can be inspected.
• Ferromagnetic materials require special treatment to address
magnetic permeability issues.
• Depth of penetration is limited.
• Flaws that lie parallel to the probe or coil winding direction can go
undetected.
• Operator Skill and training required is more than other techniques.
• Surface finish/roughness may affect test results.
23. 23 v 1.2
Ultrasonic testing - Relative merits and
limitations
Merits:
• Depth of penetration is superior to other methods.
• Only one sided access is required.
• Provides thickness information.
• Little part preparation/cleaning is required.
Limitations:
• Touch probes/couplants need accessible surfaces.
• Skill and training required is more than other techniques.
• Surface finish/ roughness may affect results.
• Thin parts may be difficult to inspect.
• Planar defects, parallel to the sound wave may go undetected.
• Reference standards needed.
24. 24 v 1.2
AET - Relative merits and limitations
Merits:
• Inspection can be done during proof testing/ on-line monitoring of
pressure vessels and pipelines.
• Can detect leakages.
• The quality can be evaluated during fabrication phase.
• Monitoring underground ducts/ pipe lines.
• On-line weld area monitoring.
Limitations:
• Skill and training required is more than other techniques.
• Surface finish/roughness can affect with inspection.
• Thin parts may be difficult to inspect.
25. 25 v 1.2
Radiography - Relative merits and
limitations
Merits:
• Can be used to inspect all material types.
• Can detect surface/ subsurface defects.
• Can inspect complex shapes and multi-layered structures.
• LITTLE part preparation/cleaning is required.
Limitations:
• Extensive operator training and skill is required.
• Access to both sides of the structure is required.
• Orientation of the beam to non-volumetric defects is crucial.
• Field inspection of large areas can be time consuming.
• Higher capital costs.
• Care must be taken for radiation hazard for personnel.
26. 26 v 1.2
Agenda
• NDT Versus Mechanical testing
• Overview of the Non Destructive Testing Methods for the
detection of manufacturing defects as well as material
characterization
• Relative merits and limitations
• Various physical characteristics of materials and their
applications in NDT
• Visual inspection – Unaided and aided.
27. 27 v 1.2
Various physical characteristics of materials
and their applications in NDT
• VT - Used for detecting surface deposits, scaling,
erosion, discoloration, mechanical damage, missing
parts.
• LPT - Used to identify cracks, porosity, on the surface of
a material and have enough volume to trap and hold the
penetrant material.
• MPT - Used to inspect ferromagnetic materials for
defects that result in a transition in the magnetic
permeability of a material. MPT can detect surface and
near surface defects such as cracks and tears, porosity,
forging laps, voids.
28. 28 v 1.2
Various physical characteristics of materials
and their applications in NDT
• UT - Used to locate surface/ subsurface defects in many
materials including metals, plastics, and wood. It is also
used to measure the thickness of materials and
characterize material properties based on sound velocity
and attenuation.
• AET – Used for inspection during proof testing and on-
line monitoring of pressure vessels, pipelines. Can be
used for leakage detection. Quality control during
fabrication. Monitoring Underground pipe lines and On-
line weld monitoring.
29. 29 v 1.2
Various physical characteristics of materials
and their applications in NDT
• ECT - Used to detect surface and near-surface flaws in
conductive metals only. It is also used to sort materials
based on electrical conductivity and magnetic
permeability, and measures the thickness of thin sheets
of metal/ nonconductive coatings.
• Radiography - Used to inspect any material for surface
and subsurface defects. X-rays can also be used to
locates and measures internal features, confirm the
location of hidden parts in an assembly, and to measure
thickness of materials.
30. 30 v 1.2
Agenda
• NDT Versus Mechanical testing
• Overview of the Non Destructive Testing Methods for the
detection of manufacturing defects as well as material
characterization
• Relative merits and limitations
• Various physical characteristics of materials and their
applications in NDT
• Visual inspection – Unaided and aided.
31. 31 v 1.2
Visual Inspection
Non-destructive type testing
Simple ,Easy, Quick, Low cost
Initial methods for testing
Examination with naked eye
Illumination of test sample
Use of equipment's for inspection
33. 33 v 1.2
Microscope
• A microscope is an instrument used to see objects that
are small for the naked eyes. Microscopy is the science
of investigating small objects using such an instrument.
• The first to be invented was the optical microscope
which uses light to image the part.
• Other major types of microscopes are the transmission
electron microscope and the scanning electron
microscope.
34. 34 v 1.2
Types of microscopes
Source:
Bresser.com
Source: Great scopes.com
LCD Type
Parts of a microscope
35. 35 v 1.2
Borescope
• A borescope is an optical device consisting of a rigid or flexible
tube with an eyepiece on one end, an objective lens on the
other linked together by a relay optical system.
• The optical system is surrounded by fibers used for
illumination of the object.
• An internal image of the object is formed by the objective lens
and magnified by the eyepiece.
36. 36 v 1.2
Types of Borescope
Source: Wikipedia
Source: Net zero
tools
Video type
Conventional type
37. 37 v 1.2
Endoscope
• Endoscopy refers to looking inside the anatomy of a part using
an endoscope.
• Endoscopes are inserted directly into the PART.
• Endoscope can also be used as a borescope in situations
where direct line of-sight observation is not possible.
38. 38 v 1.2
Types of Endoscope
Source: India
mart
Source https://www.reichelt.com
Wireless type
Conventional
medical type
39. 39 v 1.2
Flexi scope
• Flexi-Scope
• A simple to use microscope which connects easily to
any USB port. It can capture high quality images at
magnifications of up to 200x;
• It has a flexible gooseneck
• Bright, adjustable, LED lighting
• Easy to use software
• Compatible with latest OS.
• Data measurement software.
40. 40 v 1.2
Types of Flexi scope
Source: Rutland Inc Source https://www.schoelly.de
Multiple heads
type
Camera type
41. 41 v 1.2
Telescope
• A telescope is an instrument that helps in the observation of
remote objects through electromagnetic radiation. The first
known practical telescopes were created using glass lenses.
• Used in terrestrial applications and astronomy.
• The reflecting telescope used mirrors.
• Telescope refers to a wide range of instruments detecting
different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
42. 42 v 1.2
Types of Telescope
Source: Explore
scientific
Source: Wikipedia commons
Refractive type
Conventional type
43. 43 v 1.2
Holography
• Holography is a technique which enables three-dimensional
images to be made.
• Uses laser, interference, diffraction, light intensity recording
and suitable illumination of the recording.
• The image changes as the position and orientation of the
viewing system changes in exactly the same way as if the
object were still present, thus making the image appear 3D.
45. 45 v 1.2
Summary
• NDT Versus Mechanical testing
• Overview of the Non Destructive Testing Methods for the
detection of manufacturing defects as well as material
characterization
• Relative merits and limitations
• Various physical characteristics of materials and their
applications in NDT
• Visual inspection – Unaided and aided.
46. 46 v 1.2
Test your understanding
• What is the basis for choosing an NDT method for a particular application?
(U)
• Mention two differences between liquid penetrant testing and magnetic
particle inspection. (U)
• Sketch the principle of holography? (R)
• What is the principle of eddy current testing? (R)
• Mention two differences between radiography and Thermography method.
(U)
Student Notes:
The objective of the session is to introduce the concept of services and how these are defined and described. We will also discuss various types of services and how they are categorized.
Student Notes:
At the end of this session, you will have an understanding of what a service is and how a service oriented outlook helps the business. You will also be able to understand how the services are commonly described.
Student Notes:
A ‘business’ is an organization focused on running its business. For example, a logistics company is focused on moving materials across locations. This is their core business. In order to continuously and efficiently run their business, the company requires support in the form of software and hardware. They need to have optimum routes to transport the materials. Such routes result in optimal cost of transport (in terms of fuel, time, personnel etc.). A software provided by their IT division helps them arrive at such optimum routes. If the requirements for the routes change, the software has to be changed to reflect this. This change has to be performed as quickly as possible so that the business does not suffer.
Student Notes:
As discussed in the previous slide, the IT has to support the business.
This support is in the form of providing software to run the business; or, maintain the hardware on which the software is deployed; or, maintain the software itself by incorporating the required changes. As the business environment changes faster, the IT has to keep pace and provide quick and efficient support to run the business. This is generally termed as ‘aligning IT with business’. This is the primary concern of the senior managers in every organization. They would like to measure the IT organization’s effectiveness and justify the investment on IT in terms of resources. So, IT has to demonstrate the business value by demonstrating how it supports the business goals. This can only be done by a disciplined approach. This is the essence of service oriented outlook.
Student Notes:
IT support could be provided from within an organization. For example, the logistics company that we discussed earlier typically has an IT Department that supports the organization by providing and maintaining the software and hardware required by the company. Here, support is provided to the business by its own internal organization.
Many organizations generally outsource such support to other organizations for various reasons (more often to reduce the cost). Here, support is provided by an external organization which might be located in a different continent.
Student Notes:
We now have a business entity that requires IT support. Let us call this entity as Customer and the support provider as Vendor. Customer might be lines of business in an organization. For example, in the logistics company, the transport department represents a line of business. Other line of business could be maintaining a warehouse containing materials. Both these lines of business require support from IT. These lines of business are customers that require support from IT. So, IT is the vendor that provides such support.
This IT might be a division within the logistics company. Or, it might be a separate company located in a remote location. In this scenario, the logistics company would have outsourced the support to a different company.
Most of our Indian companies are vendors. The customers are typically in USA or Europe who outsource the development and maintenance of software and hardware to these companies.
Student Notes:
We now have a business entity that requires IT support. Let us call this entity as Customer and the support provider as Vendor. Customer might be lines of business in an organization. For example, in the logistics company, the transport department represents a line of business. Other line of business could be maintaining a warehouse containing materials. Both these lines of business require support from IT. These lines of business are customers that require support from IT. So, IT is the vendor that provides such support.
This IT might be a division within the logistics company. Or, it might be a separate company located in a remote location. In this scenario, the logistics company would have outsourced the support to a different company.
Most of our Indian companies are vendors. The customers are typically in USA or Europe who outsource the development and maintenance of software and hardware to these companies.
Student Notes:
We now have a business entity that requires IT support. Let us call this entity as Customer and the support provider as Vendor. Customer might be lines of business in an organization. For example, in the logistics company, the transport department represents a line of business. Other line of business could be maintaining a warehouse containing materials. Both these lines of business require support from IT. These lines of business are customers that require support from IT. So, IT is the vendor that provides such support.
This IT might be a division within the logistics company. Or, it might be a separate company located in a remote location. In this scenario, the logistics company would have outsourced the support to a different company.
Most of our Indian companies are vendors. The customers are typically in USA or Europe who outsource the development and maintenance of software and hardware to these companies.
Student Notes:
When we order a pizza, we bother about the quality of the pizza and the delivery time. We are not bothered about how this is delivered; or, how it is prepared. Vendor might have used a gas fired or an electric oven. Vendor might have used a two or a four wheeler to deliver. As a customer, we only bother about the quality of the pizza and how quickly it is delivered. We bother about the output of a ‘service’ rendered by the vendor. Vendor has to focus on this output. This is the ‘value’ offered by the vendor to the customer.
Student Notes:
When we order a pizza, we bother about the quality of the pizza and the delivery time. We are not bothered about how this is delivered; or, how it is prepared. Vendor might have used a gas fired or an electric oven. Vendor might have used a two or a four wheeler to deliver. As a customer, we only bother about the quality of the pizza and how quickly it is delivered. We bother about the output of a ‘service’ rendered by the vendor. Vendor has to focus on this output. This is the ‘value’ offered by the vendor to the customer.
Student Notes:
When we order a pizza, we bother about the quality of the pizza and the delivery time. We are not bothered about how this is delivered; or, how it is prepared. Vendor might have used a gas fired or an electric oven. Vendor might have used a two or a four wheeler to deliver. As a customer, we only bother about the quality of the pizza and how quickly it is delivered. We bother about the output of a ‘service’ rendered by the vendor. Vendor has to focus on this output. This is the ‘value’ offered by the vendor to the customer.
Student Notes:
When we order a pizza, we bother about the quality of the pizza and the delivery time. We are not bothered about how this is delivered; or, how it is prepared. Vendor might have used a gas fired or an electric oven. Vendor might have used a two or a four wheeler to deliver. As a customer, we only bother about the quality of the pizza and how quickly it is delivered. We bother about the output of a ‘service’ rendered by the vendor. Vendor has to focus on this output. This is the ‘value’ offered by the vendor to the customer.
Student Notes:
When we order a pizza, we bother about the quality of the pizza and the delivery time. We are not bothered about how this is delivered; or, how it is prepared. Vendor might have used a gas fired or an electric oven. Vendor might have used a two or a four wheeler to deliver. As a customer, we only bother about the quality of the pizza and how quickly it is delivered. We bother about the output of a ‘service’ rendered by the vendor. Vendor has to focus on this output. This is the ‘value’ offered by the vendor to the customer.
Student Notes:
When we order a pizza, we bother about the quality of the pizza and the delivery time. We are not bothered about how this is delivered; or, how it is prepared. Vendor might have used a gas fired or an electric oven. Vendor might have used a two or a four wheeler to deliver. As a customer, we only bother about the quality of the pizza and how quickly it is delivered. We bother about the output of a ‘service’ rendered by the vendor. Vendor has to focus on this output. This is the ‘value’ offered by the vendor to the customer.
Student Notes:
When we order a pizza, we bother about the quality of the pizza and the delivery time. We are not bothered about how this is delivered; or, how it is prepared. Vendor might have used a gas fired or an electric oven. Vendor might have used a two or a four wheeler to deliver. As a customer, we only bother about the quality of the pizza and how quickly it is delivered. We bother about the output of a ‘service’ rendered by the vendor. Vendor has to focus on this output. This is the ‘value’ offered by the vendor to the customer.
Student Notes:
A service is anything of value given to customers. The keyword here is ‘value’. If the IT department in your company provides a laptop to you, is it a service? You are entitled to have a laptop(or any other computing devices). So, it is not a service. However, if the IT department’s technical person troubleshoots the laptop for you to fix a Wi-Fi driver problem, then a service is provided to you. The technical person offers value to you by solving your problem. This service enables you to continuously communicate with other devices from your laptop. This further enables your productivity. This is the value for you.
This concept of service is pervasive. You will find this in every walk of life. For example, a bank offers services such as account opening or money transfer across accounts. These are services offered by the bank to their customers. Within a bank, these services are offered and supported by software applications that run on specified infrastructure. These applications and the infrastructure are supported by the IT division. The bank requires these services to smoothly run its operations. This is just an example of how IT supports business.
In this course we are concerned only with the notion of services offered by IT to smoothly run the business.
Student Notes:
A service is anything of value given to customers. The keyword here is ‘value’. If the IT department in your company provides a laptop to you, is it a service? You are entitled to have a laptop(or any other computing devices). So, it is not a service. However, if the IT department’s technical person troubleshoots the laptop for you to fix a Wi-Fi driver problem, then a service is provided to you. The technical person offers value to you by solving your problem. This service enables you to continuously communicate with other devices from your laptop. This further enables your productivity. This is the value for you.
This concept of service is pervasive. You will find this in every walk of life. For example, a bank offers services such as account opening or money transfer across accounts. These are services offered by the bank to their customers. Within a bank, these services are offered and supported by software applications that run on specified infrastructure. These applications and the infrastructure are supported by the IT division. The bank requires these services to smoothly run its operations. This is just an example of how IT supports business.
In this course we are concerned only with the notion of services offered by IT to smoothly run the business.
Student Notes:
A service is anything of value given to customers. The keyword here is ‘value’. If the IT department in your company provides a laptop to you, is it a service? You are entitled to have a laptop(or any other computing devices). So, it is not a service. However, if the IT department’s technical person troubleshoots the laptop for you to fix a Wi-Fi driver problem, then a service is provided to you. The technical person offers value to you by solving your problem. This service enables you to continuously communicate with other devices from your laptop. This further enables your productivity. This is the value for you.
This concept of service is pervasive. You will find this in every walk of life. For example, a bank offers services such as account opening or money transfer across accounts. These are services offered by the bank to their customers. Within a bank, these services are offered and supported by software applications that run on specified infrastructure. These applications and the infrastructure are supported by the IT division. The bank requires these services to smoothly run its operations. This is just an example of how IT supports business.
In this course we are concerned only with the notion of services offered by IT to smoothly run the business.
Student Notes:
A service is anything of value given to customers. The keyword here is ‘value’. If the IT department in your company provides a laptop to you, is it a service? You are entitled to have a laptop(or any other computing devices). So, it is not a service. However, if the IT department’s technical person troubleshoots the laptop for you to fix a Wi-Fi driver problem, then a service is provided to you. The technical person offers value to you by solving your problem. This service enables you to continuously communicate with other devices from your laptop. This further enables your productivity. This is the value for you.
This concept of service is pervasive. You will find this in every walk of life. For example, a bank offers services such as account opening or money transfer across accounts. These are services offered by the bank to their customers. Within a bank, these services are offered and supported by software applications that run on specified infrastructure. These applications and the infrastructure are supported by the IT division. The bank requires these services to smoothly run its operations. This is just an example of how IT supports business.
In this course we are concerned only with the notion of services offered by IT to smoothly run the business.
Student Notes:
A service is anything of value given to customers. The keyword here is ‘value’. If the IT department in your company provides a laptop to you, is it a service? You are entitled to have a laptop(or any other computing devices). So, it is not a service. However, if the IT department’s technical person troubleshoots the laptop for you to fix a Wi-Fi driver problem, then a service is provided to you. The technical person offers value to you by solving your problem. This service enables you to continuously communicate with other devices from your laptop. This further enables your productivity. This is the value for you.
This concept of service is pervasive. You will find this in every walk of life. For example, a bank offers services such as account opening or money transfer across accounts. These are services offered by the bank to their customers. Within a bank, these services are offered and supported by software applications that run on specified infrastructure. These applications and the infrastructure are supported by the IT division. The bank requires these services to smoothly run its operations. This is just an example of how IT supports business.
In this course we are concerned only with the notion of services offered by IT to smoothly run the business.
