2. TWELVE STRATEGIES THAT SPEAKERS
COMMONLY RESORT TO WHEN
COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS ARISE:
1. Message abandonment
You leave the message unfinished because of language difficulties.
2.Topic avoidance
You try not to talk about concepts difficult for you to express.
3. Circumlocution
You describe or paraphrase the target object or action.
4. Approximation
You use an alternative term(ship) to express the meaning of the target word (sail) as closely as possible.
5. Use of all-words
You expand a general word to the context where certain words are lacking like the overuse of the words:
thing, stuff, make, do, what0do-you call-it, what-is-it.
6. Word coinage
You create a new English word based on what you know of the way English works like “ vegetarianist ”
(which is not in the dictionary) for “ vegetarian”.
3. 7. Use of nonverbal means
You mime, gesture, use facial expression , and imitate sound to express the meaning
you want.
8. Literal translation
You translate a word or an idiom from your mother tongue to English using
structure of your first language.
9. Foreignizing
You use the word in your native language but pronounce it like English.
10. Code switching
You use the native word or expression for the English term that expresses the
meaning you want.
11. Appeal for help
You ask other students or your teacher for help when you do not know or forget
some words, structures , or idioms.
12. Use of fillers/hesitation devices
You use filling words (uhmmmm) to gain time to think.
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