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Biodiversity refers to the
totality of life forms in the
areas they occupy

Sources of Biodiversity
Molecular Diversity
Genetic Diversity
Species Diversity
Ecosystem Diversity

Molecular Diversity
• Molecular Diversity presents refereed
papers describing the development,
application and theory of molecular
diversity, and combinatorial chemistry in
basic and applied research and drug
discovery.

Genetic Diversity
• refers to the total number of
genetic characteristics in
the genetic makeup of a species. It is
distinguished from genetic variability,
which describes the tendency of
genetic characteristics to vary

Species Diversity
• is a measure of the diversity within an
ecological community that incorporates
both species richness (the number
of species in a community) and the
evenness of species'
abundances. Species diversity is one
component of the concept of biodiversity.

Ecosystem Diversity
• refers to the variety of ecosystems in a
given place. Within any broader landscape
there is a mosaic of
interconnected ecosystems. To conserve
biodiversity, conservation at the landscape
level is critical.

ImportanceImportance
ofof
BiodiversityBiodiversity

IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
Food
FISH comprises 10% of protein
intake globally and 50-60% that of
Filipinos.
Food for all living organisms
not just for man!
> 90% calorie intake globally
comes from 80 PLANT SPECIES

Medicines
•80% of the world’s population
use plants as 1° source of
medicine
•30% of all pharma medicines
are developed from plants and
animals

Fuel, timber, fiber and other resources
Most houses, furniture and even
many clothes are made from natural
products, including wood, oils, resins,
waxes, gums and fibers.
The cocoons of silk worms are the
basis of the valuable, centuries-old
Asian silk-making industry.

Air and water
purification

Drought, erosion and flood control

Social / cultural
value
Biodiversity is directly linked with
traditional, spiritual and cultural values of
people.

Economic
value

Status ofStatus of
PhilippinePhilippine

82 species are FOUND ONLY82 species are FOUND ONLY
in the Philippinesin the Philippines
105 species of AMPHIBIANS105 species of AMPHIBIANS

More than 254More than 254
species ofspecies of
ReptilesReptiles
…with 208
species
endemic to
the
Philippines

BIRDS
A total of 576 species of birdsA total of 576 species of birds
196 of these occur only in the196 of these occur only in the
PhilippinesPhilippines

Of the 179 species of land mammals,Of the 179 species of land mammals,
111 species are found only in the
Philippines

Around 20,940 species
of insects
69.8% are endemics

estimated 15,000 species, 50% are endemics
70 – 80% Flowering plants
193 Threatened species

211 Lakes, 18 major
rivers,
22 marshes, swamps and
reservoir
INLAND WATERSINLAND WATERS
PHILIPPINE WETLANDS
1616 species of aquatic plants
3675 species of fauna

MANGROVES
Around 60 mangrove plant
species in the world
54 mangroves and related
species occur in the
Philippines

Corals
462 coral species
recorded Highest
in the world !!!
•Eastern Papua New
Guinea with 380
species;
•Ryukyu / Yaeyama
Islands with 370
•Great Barrier Reef,
Australia with 350

FISH
Philippine Total = 2,459/4,000 species in the
Indo-Pacific region
82 (possibly 98) species
are Philippine Endemics
2,241 marine species (2/3
coral reef-associated)
209 freshwater species

MolluscsMolluscs
22,000 freshwater, land and marine species22,000 freshwater, land and marine species
Seven occur
in
Philippine
waters
Nine species
of
Giant Clams
worldwide

COUNTR
Y
Total
specie
s
Endemi
c
Species
%
Endemi
c
Land
Area
(km2)
Philippine
s
1139 558 50% 300,780
Spain 435 25 6% 451,171
Brazil 3131 788 25% 8,511,965
Source: Heaney, 2002
Biodiversity and Endemism

Some Notable Flora and Fauna Species in
Philippines
•Philippine Eagle-
world’s largest eagle
•King cobra largest -
terrestrial venomous
snake
•Reticulated python -
largest / longest snake
•Phil. Iron
Wood/magkuno -
hardest wood

Philippines
One of the smallest
deer
Mouse deer
1 of the Smallest primitive
primates
Slow loris & Tarsier
One of the Largest flowers
Rafflesia speciousa
World’s 2 largest bats
Golden-crowned Flying
Fox & Large Flying Fox
World’s largest rat
Cloud rat
Heaney and Regalado

Philippines
Giant Clam – world’s largest giant clam species
Boring Clam – smallest giant clam species
Porcelain Clam – rarest giant clam species
Sperm whale – largest toothed cetacean
Killer whale – largest dolphin species
Minke Whale – smallest of all baleen whales
Dugong – only herbivorous marine mammal in
the Philippines

•Whale Shark – world’s largest fish
•Giant Manta Ray –
world’s largest ray
•Saltwater crocodile –
world’s largest living
reptile
•Leatherback turtle – largest of
all sea turtles
Photo by Evette Lee
•Dwarf Pygmy Goby - smallest
freshwater fish
•Sinarapan / Bia / Tabios -
smallest food fish
Philippines

One of the World’s Richest in
Mineral Resources
• 2nd to Indonesia in geological
prospectivity in SouthEast Asia
• 2nd to South Africa in Gold production
• 3rd in copper production
• 3rd in Gold, 4th in Copper deposits
• 5th in Nickel deposits
• 6th in Chromite in nickel deposits

Why isWhy is

SE Asia ReconstructionsSE Asia Reconstructions
50-0 Ma50-0 Ma
© Robert Hall 1995© Robert Hall 1995

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© Robert Hall© Robert Hall
19951995

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DisappeariDisappeari
ngng
BiodiversitBiodiversit

Composition and current characteristics of
biodiversity in the Philippine Marine environment
Taxon Number
Economically
Important
Threatened
Marine Fungi 7
Sea Grasses 16 3
Algae 1,062 531 60
Corals1
381
Other
Invertebrates
1,616 152 47
Fish2
1,831 672
Mammals3
18 18 18
Reptiles 20 20 20
Total*Total* 4,9514,951 1,3961,396 1451451
Total number of corals found in the Phil. now stands at 462 (Werner and Allen,
2000)
2
Total number of fish now is estimated to be over 2,000 species.
3
Total number of marine mammals in Philippine waters is now at 23.
* Estimated number of species in the Philippine marine environment is over 5,000

Status of Philippine Mangroves
! loss is largely due to fishpond conversion of mangroves
! reclamation for residential, commercial & industrial
purposes and excessive harvesting of trees for fuel
1918 450,000 hectares
19971997 only 112,400 hectares (24.97%) remains!!!only 112,400 hectares (24.97%) remains!!!

Total number of wildlife species in the
Philippines
Major Taxa No. of
Species
Endemic
Species
Threatened
Species
Amphibians 101+ 82+ (78%) 24
Reptiles 258+ 170+ (66%) 8
Birds 576+* 195+ (34%) 74
Mammals 204+** 111+ (54%) 51
Total 1139+ 558+ 50%) 157

1875 1949 1970 1987 1992
Forest loss in Negros

Extent of Forest Cover Loss in the last 100 years
Less than 6%
of the country’s
original
forest remains!

YEAR 2002
18% forest cover
< 3% original forest remains!!!

0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1990
YEAR
Extent of Original Forest Cover in the
Philippines
Km2
FOREST
COVER
Spanish colonization (270,000
km2
)
American colonization (210,000
km2
)
Philippine Independence 1950’s (150,000
km2
)
Post EDSA Revolution (8,000
km2
)
Land area (300,000 km2
)
(400
years)
(100 years)
(50 years)
(40 years)

Country’s productivity
* "Declining"
productivity of
the country's
agricultural
lands and
fisheries.
• .

• These areas
become
increasingly
degraded and
pushed beyond
their capacity to
produce
• Cause: Rapid forest
loss has eliminated
habitat for unique and
threatened plant and
animal species; it has
also left large tracts of
land in the Philippines
vulnerable to soil
erosion

• *The loss of
nutrient rich soil
reduces crop yields
and contributes to
the expanded use
of chemical
fertilizers - a
practice that can,
in turn, pollute
water sources.

• Rivers and streams
also carry eroded
soil to the coasts,
where it interferes
with fish nursery
areas.
• * Soil runoff into
fish breeding and
nursery areas is
one of several
factors leading to
the overall decline
in productivity of
fisheries in the
Philippines

Consequences
 Food insecurity. The lack of a stable and reliable
food supply contributes to poor nutritional status for
many Filipinos, especially for children:
Approximately 28 percent of children under 5 are
underweight (DOH Report, 2006)
 Food insecurity also contributes to increases in
environmentally destructive practices such as
slash-and-burn agriculture ("kaingin" farming)
or the use of dynamite to increase short-term fish
catches.

. * In 1970, 32 percent
of the country's
population lived in
urban areas.
* Today, 48 percent is
crowded into cities,
where housing and
infrastructure struggle
to keep pace with the
growing numbers.

• Overcrowding and
insufficient housing
can be particularly
detrimental to
children: Studies have
suggested that infant
mortality rates in
Manila's slums are
three times higher
than in non-slum
areas

 Water crisis is not far behind: Access to clean
and adequate water is an acute seasonal
problem in Metro Manila, Central Luzon,
Southern Tagalog, and Central Visayas.
 Government monitoring data showed that up
to 58 percent of the country's water ground is
contaminated with coliform bacteria, causing
such diseases as diarrhea, cholera, dysentery,
and hepatitis A.
 studies show that there is a steady 30-50%
drop in the levels of the country’s water
sources for the past 20 years or an average
drop of 1 meter/year

 While on the average, the atmosphere’s
moisture is renewed every 8 days, stream
water every 16 days, soil moisture annually,
swamp water in 5 years, lake water in 17
years, groundwater renews only after 1,400
years.

Threats toThreats to
biodiversitybiodiversity
Heaney and Regalado


Industrial Pollution
ources of Water… continuation)

Aquaculture


Mobile Pollution
ources of Air… continuation)

DIRECT
• Deforestation due to
unsustainable
logging, farming and related
practices
• Aquatic destruction due to
unsustainable fishing and
deforestation
• Conflicting and poor policies
• Poor law enforcement
• Pollution
• Natural extinction

INDIRECT
•Poverty
from 47% Erap regime to 65% now (2
out of 3 feel extreme hunger)
•Overpopulation
87.6 Million (August 1, 2007)
•Corruption
•Lack of knowledge/Miseducation
•Apathy (Tragedy of the Common)

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