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1. Faruque
Int. j. electr. electron. comput.
International Journal of
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TECHNICAL ARTICLE
4G Network and its
School of Information Science, C
Keywords: 4G Network, Wirele
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political and technical issues and
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future work with respect to deplo
Dynamic Network for Research Works
omput. sci. eng.
DNetRW © 2015
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Electrical, Electronic, Computer Science an
ISSN: 2412
http://www
Vol. 01, No. 02
OP
and its impact on Wireless Commu
A.S.M Faruque Azam
, Computer and Electrical Engineer, Halmstad Un
ess Communucation, wimax, CDMA
mber of end users using internet services, the average
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2000 system [2]. 4G is the fourth generation stand
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to integrate the existing wireless technologies like WC
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o deploying 4G.
P a g e | 1
2015
nce and Engineering
(IJEECSE)
2412-5156 (Online)
p://www.dnetrw.com
2, P. 01-06, 2015
OPEN ACCESS
ommunication
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its impact on future
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2. Faruque P a g e | 2
Int. j. electr. electron. comput. sci. eng. 2015
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4th Generation Communication Systems:
Some of the drawbacks with the 3G systems will be completely fixed in the upcoming 4G
systems. The term 4G not only addresses the mobile telephone systems, it also has some
advancements in the broadband wireless communication systems. 4G systems provide a way to
integrate networks, terminals, application in order to meet the end user demands. The end users
using wireless networks and the mobile applications have found to be increased exponentially.
Therefore 4G provides an integrated IP based environment for all voice, video and data based
applications. Users of the 4G networks can change between the terminals without affecting the
ongoing current session. End users will have a greater flexibility when it comes to privacy and
security especially when there is a trade-off between the cost and the bandwidth.4G provides
ultra-broadband internet access, gaming services, multimedia as well as IP telephony services.
The prospective physical layer of 4G is demonstrated in the following figure.
Figure 1. Prospective physical layer of 4G [1]
4G Vs 3G:
Speed:
The transmission speed of 4G is said to be at least 4 times higher than that of 3G systems.
But intense research is also going on to improve the transmission speed of 3G systems.
Network:
Introduction of 3G systems enables the cellular networks to use both voice and video
applications simultaneously with high data rates. 4G networks will provide these services with
much more data rates along with several services like multimedia, gaming, and Internet.

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Bandwidth:
There is no actual difference in bandwidth between 3G and 4G networks since both has
the bandwidth in range of 5-20 MHz.3G systems provides data rate of up to 2 Mbps but 4G can
deliver up to 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps.
Even though 4G has several advantages when compared to 3G, deployment of 4G is
going to consume huge amount of time since still 3G is not effectively circulated. 4G services
aim to address the issues like voice and video services, multimedia, high speed internet access,
high available VPN networks, affordable cost, and improved security.4G will be completely
wireless and thus low yield wired connections can be completely replaced [3] . Multimedia
services can be easily accessed from any place and also at any time. 4G attempts to discover a
new input/output device which provides rapid data transfer rates. [4].
Drawbacks Associated with 4G:
Deployment of 4G provides many additional as well as innovative features but it will also
leave some holes which leads to application level attacks. 4G makes the operation of mobile
devices extremely complex. Lower layer will be less sure which introduces vulnerabilities in the
higher layers. Before deploying 4G, lower layer security issues have to be fixed. Transmitters
sending different signals at the same frequency which displaces GPS signal causes jamming.
Because of this there are possibilities for the GPS receiver to receive a wrong signal which is
coming from the satellite. Criminal can take advantage of such a hole in the deployment of 4G
network.
In the GPS system the communication between the transmitter and receiver has to be
protected with a proper encrypting algorithm. The development of mobile devices and the
advancement in the application leads to miss use of the network architecture. Especially while
using WIFI, WLAN, Bluetooth the data transmitted between the transmitter and receiver can be
easily interrupted which leads to real security risk.
3G and 4G Spectrum Requirements:
The ITU radio communication sector (ITU-R) is responsible for global management
of radio spectrum. Spectrum allocations by the ITU radio regulation will be reviewed regularly
by ITU World Radio communication Conference (WRC). While allocating a spectrum there
should be a trade-off between circuit switched and the packet switched networks. In the case of
circuit switched networks there should be a dedicated connection between the transmitter and
the receiver which consumes the entire channel in that spectrum during the entire
communication between the peers. 2 G is based on both circuit switched and packet switched
network. 3G and 4G based mostly on packet switched network in that case the focus is mainly
on the throughput and the delay.

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Spectrum allocation of the 4G systems should have the following consideration:
• The price and the operator pricing policies of different mobile and broadband services
have to be taken into account before allocating a spectrum.
• The availability of different wireless networks likes wi-fi, Bluetooth, wi-max, RFID
should also be considered while allocating a necessary bandwidth.
• The tradeoff between the cost, bandwidth, availability and the number of users should
also be considered.
4G Americas is an organization which recommends a spectrum plan which is not fragmented.
The main spectrum bands in America for wireless services are 700 MHz, 850 MHz, 900 MHz,
1800 MHz, 1900 MHz and 1710-1770 MHz, 2110-2170 MHz and 2500-2690 MHz bands.
Equipments supporting these bands may not be available right now. Equipments,
infrastructures operating in this frequency range might be at higher cost.
3G Americas fully endorses the following options for common spectrum for IMT services in the
Americas [5]:
A. Spectrum Bands: 824-849; paired with 869-894
B. Spectrum Bands: 1850-1910; paired with 1930-1990
C. Spectrum Bands: 1710-1770; paired with 2110-2170
D. Spectrum Band: 700 MHz
E. Spectrum Band: 2500-2690 MHz
Because of this, operators will be having an opportunity to implement IMT services using the
above mentioned frequency bands with in America by facilitating global roaming with lesser
equipment cost.
Technical Issues with 4G:
OFDM:
4G uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing technique (OFDM). In OFDM
multiple sub carriers are modulated and even if some of the carriers arrive at low signal to noise
ratio it can be easily recovered since OFDM has high resistance to inter symbol interference
(ISI). ISI has a flexible modulation scheme, If needed it can also be made adaptive. There is no
need that the signal has to be phase locked with the local oscillator and there is also no
requirement on the channel equalization.
IP based core networks: 4G is not an entirely new standard. It will reassemble all the
convergence of existing technologies. IP based 4G network is compatible with the current radio
technology. IP based wireless equipment for 4G is 4 to 10 times less expensive than those

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Int. j. electr. electron. comput. sci. eng. 2015
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equipments designed for 2G and 3G. In the case of old SS7 signaling systems even though there
is no signaling traffic a large part of network bandwidth will be consumed for channel
establishment. So the wireless IP network replaces the old SS7 signaling systems.
Figure2. IP based 4G network
Multilayer Protocol Architecture:
The flexibility and efficiency of 4G systems leads to extremely performance oriented
physical layer, provides adaptive multiple access with a greater flexibility. 4G provides high
speed physical layer architecture. It contains multi core control plane processing and multi core
mac data path processing unit. Control plane takes care of signaling issues while the data plane
is responsible just for packet forwarding. Layer 2 forwarding technique is used for forwarding
the packets.
Figure 3. Physical access layer signal processing
Some of the pre-4G technologies are mobile wimax, 3G long term evolution (LTE) etc which are
there in the market from 2006. But these technologies are not in a position to offer a data rates of
up to 1 Gbps.
Collision detection multiple access (CDMA) spread spectrum is a technique which
is used in 3G which has been completely replaced by orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) and other equalization techniques. These techniques in combination with

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multiple inputs and multiple output antenna architecture constitute 4G. Dynamic channel
allocation and channel-dependent scheduling are some of the other features of 4G.
Mobile Wi-max (IEEE 802.16e-2005): Mobile wireless broadband access is one of the features of
4G. Mobile wi-max can offer a data rate of about 128 Mbit/s downlink speed and 56 Mbit/s
uplink speed and it can operate over 20 MHz frequency range.
IPv6 support [4]: 3G wireless standard is based on both the circuit switched as well packet
switched techniques [3]. 4G is based only on packet switched network architecture.
Consequently a dedicated channel for each communicating pairs can be avoided and greater the
effective use of resources. During the deployment of 4G there will not be any IPv4 addresses to
be offered for all the wireless devices. 4G also depends on the deployment of IPv6 to get an IP
address to represent its physical uniqueness.
Conclusion: The major issue with the 4G is to improve the data rates especially in between two
or more base stations. By deploying 4G the users can seamlessly move between different
wireless access technologies. Some of these access technologies include Wi-Fi, UMTS, and
EDGE etc. All the nodes in a networking architecture may require a unique IP address which
will be addressed by IPv6. Deployment of 4G leads to different new wireless devices and sensor
networks. Hence the combination of IPv6 along with 4G is going to rule the future world.
Mobile transformation is going to be a reality because of IP based mobile wireless broadband
connection. By deploying 4G people can get internet on the go. 4G covers about 30 miles or even
more when it comes to coverage area and broadband connection will become available
everywhere like a today’s typical cellular connection. This paper gives an overall idea about 4G
and it transition towards high data rates when compared with 3G and other advanced
technologies.
References:
[1] Jivesh Govil1, Jivika Govil2 , “ Functionalities development and a analysis of mobile wireless
grid ” , 2008 IEEE .
[2] Seung-Ku Hwang ,Deuk-Su Lyu , KyungHi Chang , “4G vision and technology development
in Korea”Communication Technology Proceedings, 2003. ICCT 2003. International Conference.
[3] K. Aretz, M. Haardt, W. Konhäuser, and W. Mohr, “The future of wireless communications
beyond the third generation”, International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications
Networking (Computer Networks), Vol. 37, 2001, pp. 83-92
[4] J. Govil, and J. Govil, “On the Investigation of Transactional and Interoperability Issues between
IPv4 and IPv6”, IEEE EIT May 2008.
[5] 3G and 4G spectrum requirements: a question of balance ,Janette Stewart, 18 October 2010