3. Define a statistics
Progress:
Learning Objectives!
Distinguishes between a discrete
and a continuous random variable.
Identify the different levels of
measurement
5. Statistics is the science of
collecting, organizing,
presenting, analyzing, and
interpreting numerical data.
6. Functions:
• to provide investigation
• to find out trends and behavior
• to show relations of cause and effect
• to show the laws underlying facts and
events
9. Descriptive Statistics
aims to provide the basic characteristics
of a data.
Inferential Statistics
aims to infer or to make interpretations.
BRANCHES OF STATISTICS
10. DESCRIPTIVE OR INFERENTIAL?
1. The average life expectancy at birth in the
Philippines for 2014 is 72.48 years.
2. Taking slimming pills will help you lose weight.
3. The total amount of estimated losses for
Typhoon Ondoy is ₱11 Billion.
4. The studies shows that gender is related to
excellence in Mathematics.
5. In 2016, the government projects that some
1.2 to 1.6 million students will enter Senior
High School.
15. QUALITATIVE OR QUANTITATIVE?
1. civil status
2. body temperature
3. predominant hair color
4. highest educational attainment
5. brand of laundry soap being used
6. number of children in the household
7. distance travelled by the teacher in going to
school
8. amount spent on rice last week by the household
9. number of decayed teeth per child in elem. school
10.Time it takes standing in queue while waiting to
be served by a bank teller
qualitative
quantitative
qualitative
qualitative
qualitative
quantitative quantitative
quantitative
quantitative
quantitative
17. Discrete Random Variable
⮚ a variable whose value is obtained
by counting.
Continuous Random Variable
⮚ a variable whose value is obtained
by measuring.
CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES
18. Discrete random variables are ones that have
a finite or countable number of possible
outcomes (like number of heads when flipping
several coins).
Continuous random variables are ones that
have an infinite or uncountable number of
possible outcomes (like your exact speed on
the highway).
Random Variables
19.
20. DISCRETE OR CONTINUOUS?
1.body temperature
2.number of children in the household
3.distance travelled by the teacher in going to
school
4.amount spent on rice last week by the
household
5.number of decayed teeth per child in elem.
school
6.Time it takes standing in queue while
waiting to be served by a bank teller
continuous
discrete
continuous
discrete
discrete
continuous
21. DISCRETE OR CONTINUOUS?
1) students’ grade level
2) height of students in class
3) weight of students in class
4) number of students present
5) time it takes to get to school
6) number of red marbles in a jar
7) distance traveled between classes
8) number of heads when flipping three coins
22. According to functional relationship:
CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
value to be predicted
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
predictor
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
Cause Effect
Before After
Input Output
What you do What happens
23. DEPENDENT OR INDEPENDENT?
Complete the following table by writing possible
independent or dependent variables.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Number of hours you study for
a test
Your test score
Number of gallons in your gas
tank
1.
2. Your IQ level
Number of calories you eat
each day
3.
4. Shifting of classes
Track/Strand 5.
24.
25. NOMINAL
-used when we want to distinguish
one object from another for
identification purposes only.
SCALES OR LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
28. RATIO
-has a value of zero which
indicates cases where no quality of
variable is present. There is always
the presence of unit measure.
SCALES OR LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
29.
30.
31. Nominal, Ordinal, Interval or Ratio?
1. height
2. religions
3. eye color
4. civil status
5. Fahrenheit degree
6. amount of money
7. Socio-economic level
8. educational attainment
9. letter grades on an English essay
10.IQ level of G11 students as low, average,
or high
ratio
nominal
nominal
nominal
interval
ratio
ordinal
ordinal
ordinal
ordinal
32. Population and Sample
Population (N) refers to the totality of
observations or elements from a set of
data.
Sample (n) refers to one or more
elements taken from the population
for a specific purpose.
33. POPULATION OR SAMPLE?
1. The total number of students in a school.
2. A group of 40 patients in a hospital who
are given a particular treatment.
3. The ages of all employees of a certain
company.
4. The top 50 taxpayers in the Philippines.
5. The list of all the countries in the world.
34. Parameter and Statistic
Parameter is a numerical measure
that describes a characteristics of a
population.
Statistic is a numerical measure that
describes a characteristics of a
sample.
35. The Food and Nutrition Research Institute of the Department of
Science and Technology (FNRI-DOST) surveyed 14 million
Filipino adults aged 20 and above and determined that 80%
of Filipino adults are at risk of hypertension.
Parameter: The percentage of adults at risk of hypertension
out of all Filipino adults aged 20 and above.
Statistic: The percentage of 80% obtained from the sample
of 14 million adults.
36. A researcher wants to estimate the average death
age of Filipino women in the last decade and
from a sample of 100 deaths, he obtained a
sample mean age of 73.
Parameter: The mean death age taken from the data
including all Filipino women who died in the last 10 years.
Statistic: The mean age 73 identified from the 100 samples.
37. Capvex is a drug used to treat patients with metastatic breast
cancer. An oncologist wants to determine the proportion of
patients taking Capvex who are healed within 10 weeks. A random
sample of 300 breast cancer patients was selected and 250 of
them were healed after 10 weeks.
40. A researcher wants to estimate the average
height of women aged 20 years or older. From a
simple random sample of 45 women, the
researcher obtains a sample mean height of 63.9
inches.
1. The average height of 63.9 inches from the
sample of 45 women.
2. The average height of all women aged 20
years or older.
statistic
parameter
41. A nutritionist wants to estimate the mean amount of sodium
consumed by children under the age of 10. From a random
sample of 75 children under the age of 10, the nutritionist
obtains a sample mean of 2993 milligrams of sodium
consumed.
3. The mean amount of sodium consumed by
children under the age of ten.
4. The mean of 2993 milligrams of sodium obtained
from the sample of 75 children.
parameter
statistic
