x ray spectroscopy has leading role in defining the internal structure of substances , e.g. crystal structure of compounds , elemental composition, fluorescent compounds and many more.

2. X_RAY SPECTROSCOPY
Assigned by: Prof. Dr. Shuhabudin Memon
Presented by: Jameel Ahmed Buledi

3. Contents
 History
 Introduction
 Principle
 Classification
 Instrumentation
Applications
Summary
 References
 Acknowledgement

5. In 1895 The German Physicist
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
Made an excellent effort in the field of
physics by inventing X rays accidently
.
He was first man ever in physics who
was awarded with Nobel prize in 1901
For his extraordinary piece of work
done in last decades of 19th century.

6. How this tremendous piece of work was
done

7.  Dr. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen was professor at Wurzburg University Germany
 He was conducting an experiment with a vacuum tube covered with black
paper .
 Suddenly he found that a piece of fluorescent paper was glowing, normally that
glow would be caused by ultra violet light .
 But ultraviolet light would have been stopped by the black paper.
 Then he tried other materials e,g lead that almost stopped the rays but he
couldn't conclude that what the actually rays were .
 At one point his hand was passed between tube and the screen he noticed the
shadow of his hand. What was the shadow?
 He then took the X ray of his wife’s hand wore wedding ring.

8. Ring

9. Cont.
 Roentgen’s work was abruptly adopted in field of medicine
 These rays were firstly recognized as Electromagnetic radiation by Sir
William Lawrence Bragg.
 In 1912 Sir William gave Bragg’s equation about X ray diffraction or X ray
crystallography .
 Finally in 1913 Mosely’s contribution about assigning the atomic number
to numerous atom .
 While knowing all these this , was generally known as X ray spectroscopy
“ Interaction of light with matter”

11.  X ray spectroscopy is major tool to measure the
elemental composition of materials.
 By means of detecting and measuring the photon
or particle of light that have wavelength in X ray
portion of Electromagnetic spectrum.

12. 12

13.  X rays are the part of Electromagnetic radiations, lies
between Gamma ray and UV rays.
 X rays are highly powerful and penetrating enough to cross
the flash of Human’s only creating the image of bones.
 These rays have very short wavelength ranges from
0.001nm to 10nm.
 These radiations were firstly utilized in medicinal field for
imaging the internal structure of human bones, and still it is
used world wide.
 Nowadays these rays are used to understand the chemical
and elemental properties of an object.

14. From where these rays are
generated ?
 X ray is the study of core electrons , whenever fast moving
electron collide with inner electrons they move out of the
shells.
 During this collision the enormous heat given off along with
X rays.
 The targeted material should have two things,
 High melting point
 High heat capacity

15. X ray
Target
Cu
rode/coolant
Vacuum
tube
Filament
Voltage
Accelerating
Voltage
Filament

16. Properties of X ray
 INTENSITY OF X RAY
o The intensity of X ray can be increased in such a way if we
increase the Filament current.
o No. of electron and No, of photons is directly proportional to
Filament current
 ENERGY OF X RAY
 Accelerating voltage = Energy of X ray
ev = 1/2mv^2
I = If

17. Classification of X ray
 Generally X ray is classified into two types
 1. Bremsstrahlung or While radiation
 Bresmen means to break and strahlung means radiation. These
radiation were noticed whenever fast moving electron enters into
the target and it faces certain attraction by the nucleus .
 Through this resistance the incoming electron follow a certain
path through which it is deflected.
 This happens when fast moving incoming electron doesn’t collide
with the targeted electron.
A German term

18. e
e
Deceleration of incoming electron without
touching the targeted electron, emits
bremsstrahlung radiations
X ray

19.  2. Characteristic Radiation
 This kind of X ray is observed when fast moving
incoming electron strikes the inner electron of targeted
material causing the inner electron move up to the
excited state.
 The upper shell electron will fall on the vacant position
of inner shell by emitting the X radiation of characteristic
wavelength .
 This principle was carried out by Hennery Mosely while
assigning the atomic number to various elements.

21. e Auger
electron

22. Classification on the basis of
techniques
 1.Wavelength dispersive X ray spectroscopy (WDXS)
 2. energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy (EDXS)
 These are X ray techniques used for elemental analysis or
chemical characterization .

23. Types of X ray
X ray Absorption
X ray Emission
X ray Diffraction
X ray Fluorescence

26. Major components of X ray Tube
 Filament and focusing cup

27. Major components of X ray
 Electron Gun
 it produces the high energy electron to the targeted sample
 Types
 Thermionic
 Photocathode
 Cold emission
 plasma

28. Thermionic
 This a heated cathode at the temperature of 1000K
Material = metal or coated metal filament.

29. Photocathode
 In this photon strike to the materials that emit electron of
interest.

30. Plasma
 A Greek word means A moldable substance
o Ion+electron = plasma
 More focused than thermionic

31. OTHERS
 Vacuum
 Target
 Copper stem
 Lead glass
 Beryllium window

32. Detectors a last one
 Ionization chamber
 Geiger counter etc.

33. Applications

34. Determination of crystal structure

XRD
 atomic or molecular structure of a crystals
 This is done by measuring the angle and intensities or
diffracted beam
 It is totally dependent on electron density around the
nucleus

35. Surface Analysis
(XPS)
X ray Photoelectron
spectroscopy
 This surface sensitive technique used to measure the
elemental composition of substances
 Mostly metal alloys , polymers , semiconductors, paints
, ceramics etc

36. Radiology
Radiology is a specialty that uses medical imaging to
diagnose and treat different diseases
 X ray radiography
 Computed tomography (CT)
 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
 Mammogram

37. (DEXA)
Dual energy x ray absorptivity
 It used to estimate the bone mineral density (BMD)
It generally corelates with bone strength and ability to bear
weight

38. Summary
 X ray spectroscopy is well suited for knowing
 elemental composition of substances
 Atomic and molecular structure of crystal
 Surface morphology of substances
 Brilliant medical uses to treat the diseases.

39. Acknowledgment
 I am heartedly thankful to Allah Almighty for blessing me
this honor for that I am standing before you.
 I am deeply grateful to my lovely parents for their soulful
prayers, ever supporting me a lot.
 I am very thankful to Prof. Dr . Shuhabudin Memon
for his kind support, helpful instructions and great
enthusiasm to present this presentation..

40. References
 THE CATHODE RAY TUBE IN X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY
AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS, Gorton R. Fonda and
George B. Collins, Journal of the American Chemical
Society, Vol. 53: Issue
 nebula: Advances brought by photography and
spectroscopy
 Introduction to X-ray Diffraction (more info) --University of
California, Santa Barbara
 Introduction to Crystallography
 chemical element: Stars and gas clouds
 Cambridge University X-ray Tutorial
 "x ray spectroscopy" (PDF).
 International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) Teaching
Pamphlets