2. Aspects of a Verb
Review
Person Number Tense Voice Mood*
1st Singular Present Active Indicative
2nd Plural Imperfect Passive Imperative
3rd Future
Perfect
Pluperfect
Future
Perfect
*NB There are more verb moods, but these are the
ones addressed in this course
3. Aspects of a Verb
Review
Each Latin verb has one aspect from each
column
E.g. ambulaveramus (we have walked)
Person Number Tense Voice Mood
1st Plural Pluperfect Active Indicative
We use the stems, tense signs, and personal
endings of a verb to identify these aspects
4. Verb Voice
Active vs. Passive
The term voice describes whether the subject is
giving or receiving the action of a verb
Jill kicks the ball
subject verb Direct Object
The verb (kicks) is active
because the subject (Jill) is
performing the action
5. Verb Voice
Active vs. Passive
The ball is kicked by Jill
subject verb (Prep
Phrase)
The verb (is kicked) is passive
because the subject (ball) is not
doing anything. It is receiving the
action of the verb.
6. Verb Voice
Active or Passive?
Katie rides a horse active
Abby scores a goal active
Alex is eaten by a squid passive
The candles are blown out passive
People will love the show active
The fort had been attacked by the British passive
Shelly jumped on the trampoline active
The Thug was jumped by the angry
villagers
Passive
NB Try adding the phrase “by George” after a verb when you’re
trying to figure out its voice. If it works, the verb is probably
passive
7. Verb Voice
Active or Passive? More Practice
Wiil fight
Have been hugged
Walked
Was flying
Is stirred
Will have been driven
Sleeps
Am (?????)
NB Try adding the phrase “by George” after a verb when you’re
trying to figure out its voice. If it works, the verb is probably
passive
8. Am????
Linking verbs (am, is, are, were,
was, will be, etc) are neither active
nor passive
Active and passive only apply to
action verbs
9. Passive Voice in Latin
Present System Tenses
We conjugate present system, passive voice
verbs using the same steps as present system,
active voice verbs:
1. Stem: 2nd PP, drop –re
2. Tense sign: none, -ba-, -bi-
3. Personal ending: Here’s where things get
different
10. Passive Voice in Latin
Passive Voice Personal Endings
Singular Plural
1st -r, -or -mur
2nd -ris -mini
3rd -tur -ntur
Memorization Time!!
11. Passive Voice in Latin
Present System Example
Amo, amare, amavi, amatum to love
1. Stem: 2nd PP, drop –re ama-
2. Tense sign: none, -ba-, -bi- amaba-
3. Personal endings: passive voice personal endings
amabamur we were being loved
1st plural imperfect passive indicative
12. Singular Plural
1st amor
I am loved
amamur
we are loved
2nd amaris
you are loved
amamini
you are loved
3rd amatur
s/he, it is loved
amantur
they are loved
Singular Plural
1st amabar
I was loved
amabamur
we were loved
2nd amabaris
you were loved
amabamini
you were loved
3rd amabatur
s/he, it was loved
amabantur
they were loved
Singular Plural
1st amabor
I will be loved
amabimur
we will be loved
2nd amaberis
you will be loved
amabimini
you will be loved
3rd amabitur
s/he, it will be loved
amabuntur
they will be loved
13. Passive Voice in Latin
Perfect Passive System
Verbs in the perfect, pluperfect, and future
perfect tenses are formed differently than other
verb tenses.
They are easy to spot because they are the only
types of verbs in Latin that use helping verbs.
14. Passive Voice in Latin
Conjugating the perfect tense
Amo, amare, amavi, amatum to love
1. Find the 4th Principal Part, drop the –um
amat-
2. What you add next depends on the gender
and number of the subject:
masculine feminine neuter
singular amatus amata amatum
plural amati amatae amata
NB, these are the same as the nominative endings of 2-
1-2 adjectives.
15. Passive Voice in Latin
conjugating the perfect tense,
continued
3. Add the present tense of sum as a helping verb
to finish the conjugation:
Singular Plural
1st amatus sum
I have been loved
amati sumus
we have been loved
2nd amatus es
you have been loved
amati estis
you have been loved
3rd amatus est
he has been loved
amati sunt
they have been loved
NB, this example was done in the masculine. It could be made
feminine or neuter by changing the endings of amatus
16. Passive Voice in Latin
Conjugating the pluperfect and
future perfect tenses
The steps for conjugating in the passive voice are
the same for all perfect system verbs.
What changes is the tense of the helping verb:
Main Verb Tense Helping Verb Tense (sum)
Perfect Present (sum)
Pluperfect Imperfect (eram)
Future Perfect Future (ero)
17. Pluperfect Singular Plural
1st amatus eram
I had been loved
amati eramus
we had been loved
2nd amatus eras
you had been loved
amati eratis
you had been loved
3rd amatus erat
he had been loved
amati erant
they had been loved
Future Perfect Singular Plural
1st amatus ero
I will have been loved
amati erimus
we will have been loved
2nd amatus eris
you will have been loved
amati eritis
you will have been loved
3rd amatus erit
he will have been loved
amati erunt
they will have been loved
18. Clauses
Introduction
A clause is a collection of words that contains
both a subject and a verb
A phrase is a collection of words that is missing a
subject, verb, or both
They walk Clause
In the middle Phrase
Alex dunks the basketball Clause
Unless Katie smiles Clause
For the rest of the day Phrase
If she Phrase
NB, a Latin verb is technically a clause since it contains both
a subject and a verb: amabamus, we were loving.
19. Clauses
Independent vs. Subordinate
An independent clause contains a subject and a
verb and makes sense by itself.
A Subordinate, or dependent, clause contains a
subject and a verb but does not make sense
without an independent clause.
She was eating Independent
Bob is tall Independent
Unless she was eating Subordinate
If Bob is tall Subordinate
The car was driven Independent
Since the car was driven Subordinate
20. Clauses
Sentence Types
Simple sentence: one independent clause
The Thug likes hamburgers.
Compound sentence: more than one independent
clause joined by conjunctions
The Thug likes hamburgers, but the villagers like ice
cream.
Complex sentence: At least one subordinate clause
with at least one independent clause
If the Thug likes hamburgers, then the villagers will
give him tofu.
21. Clauses
Identifying Subordinate Clauses
Subordinate clauses will start with a subordinating
word in both English and Latin
Si If
Nisi Unless
Ubi When
Ut Since
Quod Because
22. Clauses
Examples
The brackets are around the subordinate clauses.
Note that subordinate clauses can be embedded
within independent clauses.
[Si equus monstrum spectabit] ad agrum
ambulabit.
If the horse sees a monster, he will go to the field.
Aeneas [ubi reginam spectavit] laetus erat.
Aeneas, when he saw the queen, was happy.
