World War I notes

1. WORLD WAR I

2. AMERICA BEFORE THE WAR

3. THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1912
•William Howard Taft - Republican
•Theordore Roosevelt - Populist
•Woodrow Wilson - Democrat
•Wilson wins the election

5. AT HOME IN AMERICA
•Much of the interest of America between
1912 and 1914 was on the economy and
progressive changes.
•Reforming the banks- The creation of the
Federal Reserve
•Anti-Trust Action- Federal Trade
Commission
•Social welfare- Keating-Owens Child Labor

6. AMERICA BEFORE THE WAR IN EUROPE
•American Foreign Affairs
•The Mexican Revolution and Pancho Villa
•1911 Revolution
•General Victoriano Huerta seized power
•Wilson refused to recognize the government.
•In 1914 Pancho Villa led a group of Guerrillas against
the government and attacked Columbus , New
Mexico

7. AMERICA BEFORE THE WAR IN EUROPE
•American Foreign Affairs
• The Mexican Revolution and Pancho Villa
• General John J. Pershing was sent across
the border into Mexico to capture Villa
but was unable to do so.
• Pershing continued until 1917 when the
U.S. entered World War I
• Villa was later killed by other rebels.

8. AMERICA BEFORE THE WAR IN EUROPE
•American Foreign Affairs
•Results- Wilson’s dealings with Mexico hurt U.S.
foreign relations.
•Wilson was seen as a bully by Latin America
•Wilson sent marines into
•Nicaragua
•Haiti
•Dominican Republic

10. WORLD WAR I
The Causes

11. CAUSES OF WWI
•1. Mutual Defense Alliances
•Overtime countries in
Europe made agreements
that would pull them into
battle.
•Treaties that meant that if
one country was attacked,
allied countries were bound
to defend them.

12. •Alliances that existed:
•Russia and Serbia
•Germany and Austria-
Hungary
•France and Russia
•Britain and France and
Belgium
CAUSES OF WWI

13. • Austria-Hungary declared
war on Serbia, Russia got
involved to defend Serbia.
Germany seeing Russia
mobilizing, declared war
on Russia. France was then
drawn in against Germany
and Austria-Hungary.
Germany attacked France
through Belgium pulling
Britain into war. Then
Japan entered the war.
Later, Italy and the United
States would enter on the
side of the allies.
Austria-
Hungary
Declares war Serbia
Defends
RussiaGermany Declares war
France
Declares war
Declares war
Belgium
Attacks
Great
Britain
Pulled in
Italy
United
States
Japan
Pulled
in

14. •2. Imperialism
• when a country increases their power and
wealth by bringing additional territories
under their control
• Africa and parts of Asia were points of
contention.
• Provided raw materials.
• This lead to increasing competition for
greater empires.
CAUSES OF WWI

15. •3. Militarism
• An increase in military buildup.
• The military establishment began to have a greater influence
on public policy.
CAUSES OF WWI

16. •4. Nationalism / Self-Determination
•The advocacy of political independence for a
particular country
•Much of the origin of the war was based on the
desire of the Slavic peoples in Bosnia and
Herzegovina to no longer be part of Austria
Hungary but instead be part of Serbia.
CAUSES OF WWI

17. •5. The Assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand
•June 1914
•The Serbian-nationalist terrorist group
called the Black Hand.
•Gavrilo Princip assassinated him and his
wife
•This lead directly to Austria-Hungary
declaring war on Serbia.
CAUSES OF WWI

18. TRIPLE ALLIANCE
(CENTRAL POWERS)
•Germany
•Italy
•Austro-Hungarian
Empire

19. The Triple Entente
(Allied Forces)
•Britain
•France
•Russia

20. BRITISH V. GERMANS
Or
Tommies
v.
Huns

21. Germany and
her Allies
Britain and
her Allies
Joined war on
Germany’s side
Joined war on
Britain’s side

22. IN AMERICA
•U.S. Neutrality (Isolationism)
• WHY?
• Lots of German immigrants
• Europe is far away (not our fight)
• Sympathize with Britain
• Reports of German atrocities (invasion of Belgium –
cutting hands and feet off of little babies to get
information)
• Trade – war materials and food (good for the economy)

23. GERMAN U-BOAT (SUBMARINE)

24. GERMAN U-BOAT ON THE
PROWL

25. CRAMPED QUARTER ABOARD U-BOAT

26. TENSIONS ARE RISING !!!
•Germany
warns U.S.
citizens not to
travel to
Europe

30. WALTHER
SCHWIEGER
GERMAN
U-BOAT
COMMANDER
WHO ORDERED
THE SINKING OF
THE LUSITANIA

31. SCHWIEGER’ DIARY ENTRY:
•"It looks as if the ship will
stay afloat only for a very
short time. I couldn't have
fired another torpedo into
this mass of humans
desperately trying to save
themselves".

32. LUSITANIA
•May 1915 –
•Killed 1198
• Americans – 128
•Wilson demands that Germany NOT continue
such attacks –
•Germany agrees – then sinks an unarmed French
steamer The Sussex (4 American passengers)

33. THE SUSSEX PLEDGE
•May 4, 1916
•Germany promised to alter their naval and
submarine policy of unrestricted submarine
warfare to stop the indiscriminate sinking of non-
military ships.
•Germany broke the pledge on February 1, 1917

34. ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM
INTERCEPTED

35. ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM
From the Ambassador of Germany to the
leader of Mexico
Encourages Mexico to go to war with the
United States
Outrage !!!!!

36. Coded
Message

37. Decoded
Message

38. WILSON IS TURNING FROM ISOLATIONISM TO
INTERVENTION
Plan for a League of Nations (led by
US)
Humanitarian need – not imperialism
(Why?? What kind of diplomacy??)

39. U.S. GETTING MAD!!!!
•German atrocities (Belgium babies)
•Sinking of U.S. ships by u-boats
•Sinking of Lusitania
•Zimmerman Telegram
•And then - - - - even after they promised - - -
(remember the Sussex Pledge?)

40. German Submarines Torpedo
Three more American Ships

41. Now,
I’m
mad!

42. America Declares War
on Central Powers
April 6, 1917

44. SELECTIVE SERVICE
May 18, 1917
Congress passes the Selective service act.
Ages 18 to 45

45. ESPIONAGE ACT OF 1917
Established fines and imprisonment for
those convicted of aiding the enemy or
committing other disloyal acts.

46. SEDITION ACT OF 1918
Punished anyone who said anything to
obstruct the government or printed
anything disloyal.

47. THE SUPREME COURT
Schenck v. United States,1919
The court upheld a conviction of a man who circulated
anti-draft leaflets.
“Free speech would not protect a man in falsely
shouting fire in a theater, and causing panic”
“a clear and present danger”

48. THE AMERICANS IN EUROPE
Many Americans had fought in the war prior to
America declaring war
All volunteered
Most served with the British or Canadians
Ernest Hemingway-Ambulance driver
Aviation-Lafayette Escadrille French air squadrons

49. THE AMERICANS IN EUROPE
1917
Most or the U.S. Army did very
little outside of training.
Lead by General John J. “Black
Jack” Pershing.
“Doughboys”
The Navy did convoy escorts .

50. THE RUSSIANS LEAVE THE WAR
In November the Bolshevik
Revolution overthrew the
Russian republic and the
Communist leaders dropped out
of the war
Vladimir Lenin

51. THE AMERICANS IN EUROPE
1918
American soldiers arrive on the front
Marines at Belleau Wood- “Teufel Hunden” =
“Devil Dogs”
Meuse-Argonne offensive
September 1918
Largest American action of the war.
1.2 million soldiers, 117,000 American
casualties.

53. A New Form of War
Trench Warfare
Tanks
Airplanes
Machine Guns
Heavy Artillery
Chemical Warfare/Gas

54. German Cemetery near Bethune

55. Aftermath at the Battle of Somme

56. German Remains at Verdun

57. Look Familiar?

59. THE END OF WAR
October 3, 1918 The new German chancellor asked
to an end to the fighting based on Wilson’s
Fourteen Points.
November 11th at 11am the guns fell silent.

60. THE PRICE OF WAR
The war cost was high.
32Million in 1915 = 457.3 Million in 2003
Liberty Bonds were sold
Victory Gardens provided vegetables for family use.

62. Wilson’s
14 Points

63. FOURTEEN POINTS
•New nations & boundaries
•Five general principles
•Establish League of Nations
3 main categories

64. NEW NATIONS & BOUNDARIES
•Self-determination (remember?)
•New countries replace Austro-
Hungarian Empire
•Ethnic division

65. FIVE GENERAL PRINCIPLES
1. Freedom of the Seas
2. No secret treaties
3. Reduction of military arms
4. Free trade between countries
5. Mediate colonial claims

66. LEAGUE OF NATIONS
Wilson sees U.S. as
World Peace-keeper

67. THE BIG FOUR
•David Lloyd George
•George Clemenceau
•Vittorio Orlando
•Woodrow Wilson
England
France
Italy
U.S.

68. TheBigFour

69. VERSAILLES TREATY
Wilson’s 14 points greatly modified
– BUT approval for a League of Nations
Germany must -
 admit guilt for WWI
 Return territory to France (Alsace-Lorraine_
 Surrender overseas colonies
 Pay $32 billion in reparations
 No airforce/navy – only 100,000 in army

71. WILSON SEEKS SENATE
APPROVAL FOR TREATY OF
VERSAILLES

72. SENATE SAYS NO

73. WILSON TAKES
HIS CASE PUBLIC

74. WILSON COLLAPSES
WHILE ON TOUR

77. • Austria-Hungary declared war on
Serbia, Russia got involved to defend
Serbia. Germany seeing Russia
mobilizing, declared war on Russia.
France was then drawn in against
Germany and Austria-Hungary.
Germany attacked France through
Belgium pulling Britain into war.
Then Japan entered the war. Later,
Italy and the United States would
enter on the side of the allies.
_________
_________
__________ __________
______
___________________ ___________
_________
________
________
_________
________
____________
______
___________
_________________
_________
______