5 haesaert myco_key_ws_mycotoxin_reduction_cereal_rotations
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5 haesaert myco_key_ws_mycotoxin_reduction_cereal_rotations
- 1. 25.06.2019 1 Geert Haesaert Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Geert.Haesaert@ugent.be Wat are important pillars when studying a plant pathogen and for developing an adequate control system? • Pathogen biology • Pathogen detection and monitoring • Antifungals/remediation strategies • Interaction with crop genotype and crop husbandry • … (adapted from Bebber and Gurr (2015) Fungal Genetics and Biology):
- 2. 25.06.2019 2 • Started at the beginning of 2000 • Following up for FHD and DON at least 20 fields each year o Weather conditions, crop history, varieties, crop management, … o Fusarium species in FHB population (qPCR) • Fungicide trials/other FHB control techniques • Varietal susceptibility/tolerance • …. Fusarium research in relation to FHB at our department Plants and crops (1) Fusarium research in relation to FHB at our department plants and crops (2) • Database of more than 7000 data points o Relation between crop management/ weather conditions/varieties and presence of FHB o Database is the basis for our prediction model 7 7 11 23 7 6 23 21 17 13 15 12 40 18 24 16 16 13 16 40 18 15 21 14 15 16 21 18 33 22 33 22 33 33 33 33 33 35 24 36 24 36 48 48 36 36 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 48 48 48 24 48 48 49 48 48 68 26 56 26 52 52 60 56 56 48 24 48 24 48 48 48 48 48 44 44 44 16 44 44 40 44 44 48 16 48 16 12 44 48 48 64 48 64 48 64 16 60 64 64 40 40 30 40 16 40 40 40 72 54 76 74 74 78 74 76 67 64 64 64 64 15 64 54 68 67 67 67 14 64 67 67 Assent Bottelare Helkijn Huldenberg Koksijde Nieuwenhove Poperinge Tongeren Verrebroek Zuienkerke Zwevegem 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 l 20 40 60
- 3. 25.06.2019 3 0 20 40 60 80 0.00.51.01.52.02.5 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 overall DI (%) DONcontent(mg/kg) Fusarium species: cereal killers with much yearly variability in epidemiology 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 01234 DONcontent(mg/kg) 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 020406080 Diseaseindex(%) 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 % 020406080100 M. nivale F. poae F. graminearum F. culmorum F. avenaceum Fusarium species: cereal killers with much yearly variability in species ratio within FHB population
- 4. 25.06.2019 4 How to control FHB? Prevention Cultural, breeding for resistance, … Biological, mechanical, physiological ChemicalChemical Intervention/suppression Prevention Monitoring - prediction Avoiding Integrated disease management KNOWLEDGE
- 5. 25.06.2019 5 Crop Rotation: influence on DON accumulation -58% -42% -88% Crop rotation + soil management Experiment design First crop maize: o harvest as grain and as silage o two different varieties (S /T) Second crop: winter wheat o Plowing or inverse soil management o 5 different wheat varieties DON in winter wheat Kruskall wallis test Plowing/no plowing grain /silage two maize varieties wheat varieties
- 6. 25.06.2019 6 Bio-fumigation: best know system is with Brassicaceae o Glucosinolates are converted to isothiocyanate after cells are mechanically damaged o ITC = volatile o Myrosinase activity is t° and pH depended! Cultural: bio- fumigationCrop Rotation: cover crops and bio-fumigations 10% 14% -7% -3% 7% 3% 2% 6% -1% 18% * 12% 16% * -6% 0% 53% * 98% * 95% * -1% 25% * -10% 10% 30% 50% 70% 90% GMC GML GMME GMMI GMPA GMPO GMSA GMSE GMSI BRB BRC BRDA BRDE BRT SM SME SMT GRAS EM Reductiet.o.v.decontrolebehandeling Synapsis alba Raphanus sativus Brassica juncea Brassica carinata F. graminearum C R. sativus S. alba B. carinata B. Juncea Reduction of mycelium growth o Inverted petri dish method: volatiles Crop Rotation: cover crops and bio-fumigations
- 7. 25.06.2019 7 Biofumigation: dose effect a a a b ab b c bc bab cd b d d c 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 5 gram 10 gram 15 gram Oppervlakte(mm²) CONTROLE GMC BRB GRAS SM Cultural: bio- fumigation Reduction of mycelium growth Crop Rotation: cover crops and bio-fumigations Abbr. Crop Var. AITC1-5 / / LM L. multiflorum Meritra SA… S. alba / RS… R. sativus / BC B. carinata Cappucino BJT B. juncea Terrafit BJV B. juncea Vitamine BJE B. juncea Etamine Crop Rotation: cover crops and bio-fumigations
- 8. 25.06.2019 8 Bio-fumigation demands: o Harvesting at the right time (maximum concentration of glucosinolates) o You need biomass! o A good incorporation of crop biomass o Pressing of upper layers of soil Crop Rotation: cover crops and bio-fumigations • 10 biofumigation crops included in a cover crop experiment oAugust 2018: sowing • December 2018: first harvest and in vitro experiment: fungal activity • March 2019: second harvest and in vitro experiment Crop Rotation: cover crops and bio-fumigations
- 9. 25.06.2019 9 Crop Rotation: cover crops and bio-fumigations Abbr. Crop Var. CTRL / / SAL S. alba Lopex SAME S. alba Meringue SASA S. alba Salsa RSDE R. sativus Defender RSDO R. sativus Doublet BCA RST R. sativus Terranova BC B. carinata Cappucino BJT B. juncea Terrafit BJV B. juncea Vitamine BJE B. juncea Etamine Harvest December Crop Rotation: cover crops and bio-fumigations B. carinata B. juncea
- 10. 25.06.2019 10 Varieties • Since 2005 we test more than 30 winter wheat varieties each year o Artificial infection (two times) with mixture of different Fusarium species o DON and disease index is determinated o List with 4 classes is published every year Gevoelig Matig gevoelig Matig tolerant Tolerant Alsace Azzerti Altigo Akteur Anthus Belcast Altos Apache Caphorn Biscay Armada Carenius Gedser Cellule Atomic Evina Lexus Challenger Avatar Henrik Lithium Deben Benchmark KWS Smart Mosaïc Dekan Bergamo Melkior Nemocart Edgar Bodecor Omart Oakley Einstein Britannia RGT Reform Robigus Evasion Celebration Winnetou Rosario Expert Centenaire Zohra Tobak Florett Contender Toisondor Forum Corvus Tuscan Graham Elixer Homeros Faustus Horatio Folklor Hyperion Fructidor Istabraq Hattrick JB Asano Hourra JB Diego Impression Katart Inspiration KWS Siskin Intro Linus Julius Manager Kaspart Mulan Koreli Ozon Lear Pepidor Limes Premio Lincoln Razzano Lion Rollex Louisart Scor Matrix Selekt Mentor Smuggler Ortop SW Tataros Patrel Terroir Popeye Vivant Profilus Waldorf Pulsar Radius RGT Sacramento Rubisko Sahara Spirit Tabasco Tulsa Unicum Valdo Vasco Climatic risk = rainfall flowering Previous crop Low High 99% < 1000µg/kg 89% < 1000µg/kg Previous crop HighLow Ploughing 93% < 1000µg/kg 89% < 1000µg/kg Yes No Ploughing 74% < 1000µg/kg 38% < 1000µg/kg NoYes wet ear period must be at least 72 h RAS: 54%< 1000µg/kg RAS: 92 % < 1000µg/kg RAS: 93 % < 1000µg/kg
- 11. 25.06.2019 11 Varieties No evolution in susceptibility/tolerance of genotypes on Belgian market Interaction with ohter organisms: grass weeds Grass species are alternative host plants
- 12. 25.06.2019 12 Interaction with ohter organisms: aphids mg kg-1 Fg Fg+aphids P-value DON 32.77 ± 12.73 a 65.83 ± 20.15 b 0.031 3-ADON 0.53 ± 0.20 a 2.05 ± 0.83 b 0.023 15-ADON 2.39 ± 0.96 a 9.60 ± 3.88 b 0.019 Fungicides Fungicides are not the holy grail ….. Fungicides: reduction of DON • Fungicide experiments from 2002-2018 • At least 4 experiments per year Arvalis, France
- 13. 25.06.2019 13 Fungicides Fungicides are not the holy grail ….. isolaat 10 0 20 40 60 80 100 cont role 1mg/l 5 mg/l 10 mg/ l 50 mg/ l 500mg/l prothioconazool 4 h 24 h 48 h F. poae F. graminearum Fungicides Fungicides are not the holy grail ….. FHB population vs fungicide use
- 14. 25.06.2019 14 InterventionFungicides Only 3 active ingredients are effective againgst Fusarium species - Tebuconazole - Metconazole - Prothioconazole Holistic: o based on data-mining; data including weather, field characteristics and crop history, variety, dynamics of pathogen population, etc. o Orthogonal regression model o Cross-validation DON prediction is available for Flemish farmers Prediction model
- 15. 25.06.2019 15 COMPARISON OF PREDICTIONS AT THE END OF THE GROWING SEASON AND MEASURED DON VALUES (2017) <0.2mg/kg 0.2-0.5mg/kg 0.5-0.75mg/kg >0.75mg/kg Koksijde Percentage 04080 Predicted Measured <0.2mg/kg 0.2-0.5mg/kg 0.5-0.75mg/kg >0.75mg/kg Poperinge Percentage 04080 Predicted Measured <0.2mg/kg 0.2-0.5mg/kg 0.5-0.75mg/kg >0.75mg/kg Kortrijk Percentage 04080 Predicted Measured <0.2mg/kg 0.2-0.5mg/kg 0.5-0.75mg/kg >0.75mg/kg Bottelare Percentage 04080 Predicted Measured <0.2mg/kg 0.2-0.5mg/kg 0.5-0.75mg/kg >0.75mg/kg Verrebroek Percentage 04080 Predicted Measured <0.2mg/kg 0.2-0.5mg/kg 0.5-0.75mg/kg >0.75mg/kg Nieuwenhove Percentage 04080 Predicted Measured Prevention Screening for endophytes Alternatives for fungicides
- 16. 25.06.2019 16 Isolation and characterization of Piriformospora 1. Sampling in Kisangani, DRCongo 3. Isolation4. Morphological and molecular characterization of 51 isolates obtained from 6 different locations in the Kisangani region 2. Trapping Piriformospora by the use of a soil-based system with Sorghum 1 12 24 30 34 36 46 PI PW Venneman Jolien – 17/11/2017 Molecular analysis: biodiversity Prevention In vitro testing endophytes F. Graminearum + Piriformospora /// F. Graminearum
- 17. 25.06.2019 17 FUS + mycelium isolate 30 FUS control (without autoclaved mycelium) Bio-control effects – greenhouse trials Inoculation with Fusarium-infected rice kernels Plant fresh weight of Fusarium-inoculated maize plantsRoot fresh weight of Fusarium-inoculated maize plantsPlant survival Prevention Fusarium cbs266 cbs243 cbs1005 cbs102-94 cbs1004 IP80 PW Piri34-36 Piri23-K1 Piri15-6 PI Piri5-A Piri23-18 EpiNigrum1 EpiNigrum2 EpiNigrum3 Bionectria Bio2 C.rosaBE Sordaria1 SordariaMUCL 0100030005000 DON abcd ghi hi fghi defg efghi efgh cde ab abc cdef abcde a bcde abcde efghi abcd defgh cde ghi i efghi CBS266 CBS243 CBS1005 CBS102_94 CBS1004 IP80 PI PW piri34_36 Piri23_K1 Piri15_6 Piri17_A Piri5_A Piri23_18 EpiNigrum1 EpiNigrum2 EpiNigrum3 Bionectria Bio2 C.rosaBE Sordaria1 SordariaMUCL 050100150200 Relativegrowth e e e e e abc a ab ab ab ab abc abc ab abcd abc bcd abc abcd bcd de cde Screening for endophytes Flanders starting from maize residue’s Sordaria sp. Epicoccum sp. Clonostachus sp. Clonostachus sp. Epicoccum sp. Sordaria sp.
- 18. 25.06.2019 18 Take home message: go for IDM !
- 19. 25.06.2019 19