3. What is Golgi Apparatus ?
ο§ Also known as Golgi complex, Golgi
body or Golgi.
ο§ Membrane bound organelles, which are
sac-like.
ο§ Found in cytoplasm of most eukaryotic
cells and absent in prokaryotes,
Mammalian RBCs and sperm cells of
bryophytes.
ο§ Ranges from one to several within a cell.
ο§ In plant cells several small Golgi complex
β dictyosomes.
ο§ It is responsible for transporting,
modifying and packaging proteins and
lipids into vesicles.
4. Structure of Golgi Apparatus :-
ο§ Is made up of several stack of
parallel, flattened sac or cisternae.
ο§ Many peripheral tubules and
vesicles.
5. CISTERNAE
ο§ Golgi apppartaus is made up of approx 4- 8 cisternae .
ο§ Usually equally spaced in stark separated from each other
by thin layer of intercisternal cytoplasm .
ο§ Golgi complex has a distinct polarity ,the two poles are cis
and transface responsible for receiving and shipping
departments.
οForming (cis)face-convex side of stack,Maturing(trans)face-
concave side of stack.
β’ Secretory material
ππππ
smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
π£ππ
transport vesicles
ππππβππ
golgi complex.
6.
7. Tubules & vesicles :-
Tubules: - small, round tubules formed from the periphery of
the cisternae .
ο§ And few get enlarged at the end to form vesicles.
Vesicles:-lie near the end and concave surface of the golgi
complex
ο§ Types of vesicles:-smooth vesicles and coated vesicles
Golgi matrix:-all golgi elements filled with a fluid.
8. Modification in CGN AND TGN
ο§ Two networks the Cis Golgi Network( CGN) and Trans Golgi Network
(TGN )are made up of outermost cisternae at the cis and trans face.
ο§ Vesicles containing proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
merge with the CGN and allowing protein to enter Golgi complex
ο§ As CGN receives protein from the ER it begins there modification
moving along membrane to membrane towards the TGN .
ο§ At Other end of Golgi complex , newly modified protein arrives at the
TGN where it is send off to different parts of the cell via transport
vesicles .
9. PATHWAY:
Proteins and lipids
Cluster of fused vesicles
ππππππ‘ππ πππππ ππππππ‘π’ππ’πππ πππ ππ’π ππ π€ππ‘β ππππ ππππππππ
πππππ£ππππ πππ‘π ππ’πππ ππ πππ ππππ πππ π‘πππππ
π‘ππππ ππππ
Cis
face
π‘ππππ ππππ
π‘ππππ ππππ
Modified into functional
molecules and marked for
delivery
14. SYNTHESIS
It is also major site of carbohydrate synthesis .
Includes synthesis of glycoasaminoglycans (GAGs)
Golgi attaches to polysaccharides and protein
to form proteoglycans
15. SULFHATION
ο§ Golgi involves in the sulfation of ceratain molecules passing
through lumen via sulphotransferases that gain sulphur
molecule from a donor called PAPS .
ο§ Sulfation is generally performed in trans β Golgi network
ο§ Sulfation occurs in GAGs of proteoglycans as well as core
protein
ο§ Level of sulfation is very important to proteoglycans.
16. APOPTOSIS
ο§ Golgi has a putative role in apoptosis
ο§ A newly characterized protein (Golgi anti-apoptotic
protein) almost exclusively resides the Golgi and protects
cells from apoptosis
ο§ As yet it is an undefined mechanism
17.
18. PHOSPHORYLATION
ο§ Phosphorylation of molecules require
energy in the form of ATP .
ο§ The ATP is imported into the lumen of
Golgi which is utilized by casein kinase 1
and casein kinase 2 .
ο§ Apolipoprotein β forms a molecule VLDL
(constituent of blood serum)
19. Protein glycosylation within Golgi
ο§ Protein processing within golgi involves the
modification and synthesis of carbohydrate
portions of glycoprotein.
ο§ One of the major aspects of this processing is
the modification of N-linked oligosaccharides
that were added to protein in ER .
SEQUENCE OF REACTION:
ο§ Removal of 3 additional mannose residues
ο§ Sequential addition of N-acetyl glucosamine
ο§ Removal of 2 more mannoses
ο§ Addition of fucose and 2 more N-acetyl
glucosamine .
20. LIPID AND POLYSACCHARIDE
METABOLISM
ceramide sphingomyelin
glycolipid
οΌ Phosphorylcholine group is
transferred from phosphatidylcholine
to ceramide
οΌ When one or more sugar residues or
added then alternatively a variety of
different glycolipids can be synthesized
21. Vesicular transport from ER
to Golgi bodies
ο§ Process in which membrane β
enclosed transport vesicles
transport proteins from one
membrane-enclosed
compartment to another.
ο§ Proteins doesnβt move across the
lipid bilayer instead only move
between topologically equivalent
compartment like- lumen of ER
to lumen of Golgi to exterior of
the cell.
22. Protein Sorting and Export from the Golgi
Apparatus
ο§ Golgi apparatus transport proteins,
lipids and polysaccharides to their
final destinations ο secretory
pathway
ο§ Involves sorting of proteins into
different kinds of transport vesicles.
ο§ Which bud from the trans Golgi
network and deliver their contents
to the appropriate cellular
locations.
23. Transport from the Golgi
apparatus
ο§ Transport from golgi takes place by
two pathways.
1. Constitutive secretory pathway
2. Regulated secretory pathway
24. a. Constitutive secretory pathway
ο§ Proteins are secreted from a
cell continuously, regardless
of external signals or
factors.
ο§ Proteins are stored in
vesicles in the Golgi and
move directly to the cell
surface and fuse with the
PM and release the soluble
proteins.
25. b. Regulated secretory pathway:-
ο§ A distinct regulated secretory pathway in
which specific proteins are secreted in
response to environmental signals.
ο§ Proteins are sorted in trans Golgi network
and packed into secretory vesicles.
ο§ These secretory vesicles are usually larger
than other transport vesicles.
ο§ And stored until specific signals are
received , then fuses with plasma
membrane to release the proteins.
.
26. Selective transport of proteins to lysosomes
ο§ The process of protein sorting in the
Golgi ο lysosomes through selective
transport of proteins.
ο§ Then proteins are modified by
βmannose phosphorylationβ ο in cis
Golgi network.
ο§ These phosphorylated mannose
molecules are specifically recognized
by a βmannose-6-phosphate receptorβ
ο in trans Golgi network
27. Questions ???
1. When a molecule enters the Golgi apparatus the molecule enters
through the ______ and exits through the ______?
ANSWER: cis face, trans face