Osteoporosis BY RAIN HEALTH CARE
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This document discusses osteoporosis, including its symptoms like bone fractures and back pain, how it is diagnosed through physical exams and tests like BMD scans and hormone level checks, and how it is treated through physical therapy, posture maintenance, exercise, and medications that either stabilize bone loss or increase bone formation.
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Osteoporosis
The document discusses osteoporosis, including its classification, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and management. It classifies osteoporosis into primary and secondary types. Primary osteoporosis includes postmenopausal, senile, and male osteoporosis. Secondary osteoporosis can be caused by hormonal disorders, medications, nutritional deficiencies, and other metabolic diseases. The document provides recommendations on screening and testing for osteoporosis, as well as dietary, pharmacological, and surgical approaches to prevention and treatment. Emerging technologies for osteoporosis detection and management are also reviewed.
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CORNEAL EDEMA.pptx
Corneal edema occurs when the corneal thickness increases and transparency decreases due to a buildup of fluid between the corneal layers. Fluid accumulation can be caused by inflammation from conditions like corneal ulcers or iridocyclitis, trauma from mechanical injuries or surgery, increased intraocular pressure, corneal hypoxia, or dystrophic eye conditions. Symptoms include decreased vision acuity and seeing colored halos. Treatment focuses on removing the excess fluid through the use of hot air, saline drops or ointment, or glycerin drops.
Presbyopia
Presbyopia is an age-related loss of the eye's ability to focus on near objects. It typically begins around age 40 and causes symptoms like eyestrain and headaches when reading. Tests like visual acuity and refraction exams are used to diagnose presbyopia. Treatment involves using appropriate corrective lenses matched to the patient's specific needs, like bifocals or progressive lenses, to bring their near vision point within a comfortable reading distance. Presbyopia is a natural part of aging and should not be overcorrected, as that can cause discomfort.
Aphakia
Aphakia is the absence of the crystalline lens in the eye. It can be congenital or acquired through cataract surgery. Patients with aphakia experience high hyperopia and a loss of accommodation. Treatment options include spectacle correction, contact lenses, intraocular lens implantation, or refractive corneal surgery. Each option has advantages and disadvantages related to image quality, comfort, risk of complications, and cost.
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This document discusses different types of keratitis, an inflammation of the cornea. It states that exogenous infections are most common, which can spread from the conjunctiva or sclera to the cornea. It also mentions endogenous infections can cause superficial or deep keratitis. The document classifies keratitis as either infective from bacteria, fungi or viruses, or non-infective forms such as exposure keratitis or neurotrophic keratitis.
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Aphakia
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PLAYLIST
BEST MOTIVATION- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ37zja7Y2LDJVluUqi4wXS
ABOUT MEDICINE -- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNtGWldDeLsikC5ABkNk1K
OPTOMETRY SEMINARS--
1. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZm8DzFMd3cp2g3QkNfOvQv
2. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNfjXjU1FA-S7TQbr7_yhq
OPTOMETRY PRACTICAL--https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZiOJmdkT2Xy97R70pYT4jy
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaRK1UhmollSiQj3dFKx0V9
OCULAR DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYo67e0GeIJuYl8h6sGGmnG
LIFESTYLE DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZwpCNZOoaKON9IrX1Vqsuy
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbF1a40VEGUSZohhPHA9j4l
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYsAb1q1s8fsXNYkxGJJ6rT
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ2oUVmgP7KDY29QhaNTMvX
RETINOSCOPY--
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivat4wEzY-980K8wF1il3ysH
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYSqC4hIshSYy2RFjvL07j1
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaxVD1SdpaXUU8OHogVZnHr
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZLDAfxnqs40h3HErAnm_Fv
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivb3nAAg6jNn6RxPI0MjXsz9
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvatP6KphJmEzgW2fEIq1YsH
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYRiMfA6dvJVw3Uhkenilhl
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZDNHYJKAU6A0obzEKeXG2k
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BEST MOTIVATION- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ37zja7Y2LDJVluUqi4wXS
ABOUT MEDICINE -- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNtGWldDeLsikC5ABkNk1K
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THYROID DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYRiMfA6dvJVw3Uhkenilhl
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZDNHYJKAU6A0obzEKeXG2k
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PLAYLIST
BEST MOTIVATION- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ37zja7Y2LDJVluUqi4wXS
ABOUT MEDICINE -- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNtGWldDeLsikC5ABkNk1K
OPTOMETRY SEMINARS--
1. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZm8DzFMd3cp2g3QkNfOvQv
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OPTOMETRY PRACTICAL--https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZiOJmdkT2Xy97R70pYT4jy
LIFESTYLE DISEASE BENGALI--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaRK1UhmollSiQj3dFKx0V9
OCULAR DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYo67e0GeIJuYl8h6sGGmnG
LIFESTYLE DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZwpCNZOoaKON9IrX1Vqsuy
SLIT LAMP-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbyAK5bNBrjiyv1mZHKBa7m
JOINT PAIN--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbF1a40VEGUSZohhPHA9j4l
CLINICAL REFRACTION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYsAb1q1s8fsXNYkxGJJ6rT
INSTRUMENTAL VIEW --
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ2oUVmgP7KDY29QhaNTMvX
RETINOSCOPY--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYXuq-4aldOxXSM34NzGhMU
GLAUCOMA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivat4wEzY-980K8wF1il3ysH
DISEASE SEMINARS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYSqC4hIshSYy2RFjvL07j1
LIFESTYLE DISEASE SEMINARS HINDI-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZOU11kpPWSgFNkIcyKGjH6
YOGA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaxVD1SdpaXUU8OHogVZnHr
CONTACT LENS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZLDAfxnqs40h3HErAnm_Fv
OCULAR DRUGS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivb3nAAg6jNn6RxPI0MjXsz9
NUTRITION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvatP6KphJmEzgW2fEIq1YsH
THYROID DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYRiMfA6dvJVw3Uhkenilhl
CONJUNCTIVITIS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZDNHYJKAU6A0obzEKeXG2k
#RAINHEALTHCARE
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Vitamin a
Vitamin A is a yellow-colored fat-soluble vitamin derived from carotenoids. It has direct or indirect effects on skin growth and protection, epithelial tissues, bones, teeth, vision and reproduction. Deficiency can cause night blindness, dry and scaly skin, impaired epithelial tissue growth, susceptibility to infections, dryness and inflammation of mucus membranes, insomnia, and acne. Good sources include carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, pumpkin, papaya, milk, mangoes, cantaloupe, and oils from palm and palm kernel. Toxicity from excess intake can cause nausea, headaches, fatigue, loss of appetite, dizziness, dry skin, and birth defects if taken in excess during
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PLAYLIST
BEST MOTIVATION- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ37zja7Y2LDJVluUqi4wXS
ABOUT MEDICINE -- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNtGWldDeLsikC5ABkNk1K
OPTOMETRY SEMINARS--
1. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZm8DzFMd3cp2g3QkNfOvQv
2. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNfjXjU1FA-S7TQbr7_yhq
OPTOMETRY PRACTICAL--https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZiOJmdkT2Xy97R70pYT4jy
LIFESTYLE DISEASE BENGALI--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaRK1UhmollSiQj3dFKx0V9
OCULAR DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYo67e0GeIJuYl8h6sGGmnG
LIFESTYLE DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZwpCNZOoaKON9IrX1Vqsuy
SLIT LAMP-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbyAK5bNBrjiyv1mZHKBa7m
JOINT PAIN--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbF1a40VEGUSZohhPHA9j4l
CLINICAL REFRACTION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYsAb1q1s8fsXNYkxGJJ6rT
INSTRUMENTAL VIEW --
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ2oUVmgP7KDY29QhaNTMvX
RETINOSCOPY--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYXuq-4aldOxXSM34NzGhMU
GLAUCOMA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivat4wEzY-980K8wF1il3ysH
DISEASE SEMINARS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYSqC4hIshSYy2RFjvL07j1
LIFESTYLE DISEASE SEMINARS HINDI-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZOU11kpPWSgFNkIcyKGjH6
YOGA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaxVD1SdpaXUU8OHogVZnHr
CONTACT LENS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZLDAfxnqs40h3HErAnm_Fv
OCULAR DRUGS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivb3nAAg6jNn6RxPI0MjXsz9
NUTRITION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvatP6KphJmEzgW2fEIq1YsH
THYROID DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYRiMfA6dvJVw3Uhkenilhl
CONJUNCTIVITIS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZDNHYJKAU6A0obzEKeXG2k
#RAINHEALTHCARE
#OPTOMETRY
#BETTERHEALTH
ANATOMY & HISTOLOGY OF CONJUNCTIVA
The conjunctiva is a mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the anterior portion of the eye. It has three parts - the marginal, tarsal, and orbital conjunctiva. The marginal conjunctiva extends from the eyelid margin to the subtarsal fold. The tarsal conjunctiva is firmly attached to the tarsal plate. The orbital conjunctiva lies loosely over underlying structures. Histologically, the conjunctiva has an epithelial layer, adenoid layer, and fibrous layer. The epithelial layers vary between regions from stratified squamous to columnar epithelium. The adenoid layer contains lymphocytes and the fibrous layer consists of collagen and elastic fibers with blood vessels and nerves
Hirschberg test
The Hirschberg test provides an objective estimate of the angle of a manifest squint by measuring the deviation of the corneal light reflex from the center of the pupil in the squinting eye when the patient fixates on a point light held 33cm away. Each millimeter of deviation roughly equals 7 degrees of squint, with 15 degrees indicated if the light reflex reaches the pupil border and 45 degrees if it reaches the limbus.
Maddox rod
1. The Maddox rod test uses a red or white lens with parallel cylinders to convert a point light source into a vertical streak of light, which is used to assess the type and size of strabismus.
2. The test procedure involves placing the Maddox rod in front of one eye to see a vertical streak while fixating on a distant light with both eyes. The relative position of the streak compared to the light indicates the type of strabismus.
3. The amount of strabismus is measured by adding prisms until the streak is seen passing through the light, indicating the strength of prism needed to align the eyes.
Maddox wing
The Maddox wing is an instrument used to measure the amount of near phoria at 33cm through dissociating two dissimilar images seen by each eye. To administer the test, the right eye views a red and white arrow on a scale while the left eye views only the numbers on the scale, with the patient identifying the number indicated by the arrows' positions. The test requires a brightly lit room and the patient wearing any needed optical correction.
Ophthalmoscope
Ophthalmoscopy is a test performed during an eye exam that allows a health professional to examine the interior structures of the eye, especially the retina, using an ophthalmoscope. There are two main types - direct ophthalmoscopy, where the health professional looks directly into the eye, and indirect ophthalmoscopy, where a light is shone into the eye so the health professional can view the retina through a lens. Ophthalmoscopy is used to check for signs of eye diseases and conditions like cataracts, macular degeneration, and retinal tears or detachments.
Synoptophore
The synoptophore is an ophthalmic instrument used to diagnose and treat imbalances of the eye muscles. It consists of two movable lighted tubes that allow visual stimuli to be presented simultaneously to both eyes while compensating for the angle of squint. The synoptophore is used for various orthoptic diagnostic tests and treatments related to binocular vision and retinal correspondence.
Worth 4 dot test
This document describes the Worth four-dot test procedure used to differentiate between binocular single vision (BSV), alternating or harmonious anomalous retinal correspondence (ARC), and various types of suppression. The test involves having the patient view four lights - one red, two green, and one white - through differently colored lenses placed in front of each eye. The number and color of lights seen by the patient can indicate whether they have BSV, ARC, or left, right, alternating, or diplopia suppression. The results must be interpreted in the context of any manifest strabismus present at the time of testing.
Squint
There are several types of squint, or strabismus, which is a condition where the eyes do not align properly. Squints can be classified by the direction the eye turns, whether it is constant or intermittent, when it is present, and if the severity is the same in all directions. Squints can be caused by problems with the eye muscles, nerves transmitting information to the muscles, or the brain's control center for eye movements, and may also be due to general health conditions or eye injuries. Diagnosis involves testing visual acuity, refraction, eye alignment and focusing, as well as an eye exam. Treatment options include glasses, eye patches, Botox injections, eye drops and exercises, vision therapy
Extraocular muscle
There are six extraocular muscles that control movement of the eyeball: the superior and inferior rectus muscles, the medial and lateral rectus muscles, and the superior and inferior oblique muscles. These muscles originate from various parts of the orbit and insert into the sclera. Each muscle is innervated by a specific cranial nerve and has primary, secondary, and tertiary actions responsible for moving the eyeball in different directions.
Slit lamp
The document discusses the three main systems of a slit lamp: the observation system, illumination system, and mechanical system. It describes different illumination techniques used with a slit lamp including diffuse, direct, optic section, parallelepiped, conical beam, and sclerotic scatter illumination. Each technique illuminates the eye in a different way to examine different structures like the cornea, anterior chamber, or cells and proteins in the eye.
Anatomy of eye
The document provides details on the anatomy of the eye. It describes the eye as consisting of three concentric layers - the outer supporting layer (cornea and sclera), middle vascular layer (uvea), and inner neural layer (retina). It notes the eye contains three chambers (anterior, posterior, vitreous), as well as structures like the iris, lens, optic nerve. Each layer, chamber and structure is then described in more detail over multiple paragraphs.
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This document defines and describes myopia (nearsightedness). There are several types of myopia depending on the mechanism, including axial, curvature, and index myopia. Clinically, myopia can be congenital, simple, or pathological depending on presentation. Pathological myopia develops in childhood, progresses significantly, and causes degenerative changes to the fundus. Myopia is diagnosed through visual acuity and refraction tests and treated with corrective lenses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery. Proper treatment depends on the type and severity of myopia.
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PLAYLIST
BEST MOTIVATION- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ37zja7Y2LDJVluUqi4wXS
ABOUT MEDICINE -- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNtGWldDeLsikC5ABkNk1K
OPTOMETRY SEMINARS--
1. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZm8DzFMd3cp2g3QkNfOvQv
2. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNfjXjU1FA-S7TQbr7_yhq
OPTOMETRY PRACTICAL--https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZiOJmdkT2Xy97R70pYT4jy
LIFESTYLE DISEASE BENGALI--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaRK1UhmollSiQj3dFKx0V9
OCULAR DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYo67e0GeIJuYl8h6sGGmnG
LIFESTYLE DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZwpCNZOoaKON9IrX1Vqsuy
SLIT LAMP-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbyAK5bNBrjiyv1mZHKBa7m
JOINT PAIN--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbF1a40VEGUSZohhPHA9j4l
CLINICAL REFRACTION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYsAb1q1s8fsXNYkxGJJ6rT
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ2oUVmgP7KDY29QhaNTMvX
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYXuq-4aldOxXSM34NzGhMU
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivat4wEzY-980K8wF1il3ysH
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYSqC4hIshSYy2RFjvL07j1
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaxVD1SdpaXUU8OHogVZnHr
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZLDAfxnqs40h3HErAnm_Fv
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivb3nAAg6jNn6RxPI0MjXsz9
NUTRITION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvatP6KphJmEzgW2fEIq1YsH
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYRiMfA6dvJVw3Uhkenilhl
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZDNHYJKAU6A0obzEKeXG2k
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PLAYLIST
BEST MOTIVATION- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ37zja7Y2LDJVluUqi4wXS
ABOUT MEDICINE -- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNtGWldDeLsikC5ABkNk1K
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OPTOMETRY PRACTICAL--https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZiOJmdkT2Xy97R70pYT4jy
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ABOUT MEDICINE -- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNtGWldDeLsikC5ABkNk1K
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYXuq-4aldOxXSM34NzGhMU
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivat4wEzY-980K8wF1il3ysH
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYSqC4hIshSYy2RFjvL07j1
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaxVD1SdpaXUU8OHogVZnHr
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZLDAfxnqs40h3HErAnm_Fv
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivb3nAAg6jNn6RxPI0MjXsz9
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvatP6KphJmEzgW2fEIq1YsH
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Vitamin a
Vitamin A is a yellow-colored fat-soluble vitamin derived from carotenoids. It has direct or indirect effects on skin growth and protection, epithelial tissues, bones, teeth, vision and reproduction. Deficiency can cause night blindness, dry and scaly skin, impaired epithelial tissue growth, susceptibility to infections, dryness and inflammation of mucus membranes, insomnia, and acne. Good sources include carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, pumpkin, papaya, milk, mangoes, cantaloupe, and oils from palm and palm kernel. Toxicity from excess intake can cause nausea, headaches, fatigue, loss of appetite, dizziness, dry skin, and birth defects if taken in excess during
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PLAYLIST
BEST MOTIVATION- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ37zja7Y2LDJVluUqi4wXS
ABOUT MEDICINE -- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNtGWldDeLsikC5ABkNk1K
OPTOMETRY SEMINARS--
1. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZm8DzFMd3cp2g3QkNfOvQv
2. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNfjXjU1FA-S7TQbr7_yhq
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaRK1UhmollSiQj3dFKx0V9
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYo67e0GeIJuYl8h6sGGmnG
LIFESTYLE DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZwpCNZOoaKON9IrX1Vqsuy
SLIT LAMP-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbyAK5bNBrjiyv1mZHKBa7m
JOINT PAIN--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbF1a40VEGUSZohhPHA9j4l
CLINICAL REFRACTION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYsAb1q1s8fsXNYkxGJJ6rT
INSTRUMENTAL VIEW --
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ2oUVmgP7KDY29QhaNTMvX
RETINOSCOPY--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYXuq-4aldOxXSM34NzGhMU
GLAUCOMA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivat4wEzY-980K8wF1il3ysH
DISEASE SEMINARS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYSqC4hIshSYy2RFjvL07j1
LIFESTYLE DISEASE SEMINARS HINDI-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZOU11kpPWSgFNkIcyKGjH6
YOGA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaxVD1SdpaXUU8OHogVZnHr
CONTACT LENS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZLDAfxnqs40h3HErAnm_Fv
OCULAR DRUGS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivb3nAAg6jNn6RxPI0MjXsz9
NUTRITION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvatP6KphJmEzgW2fEIq1YsH
THYROID DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYRiMfA6dvJVw3Uhkenilhl
CONJUNCTIVITIS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZDNHYJKAU6A0obzEKeXG2k
#RAINHEALTHCARE
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ANATOMY & HISTOLOGY OF CONJUNCTIVA
The conjunctiva is a mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the anterior portion of the eye. It has three parts - the marginal, tarsal, and orbital conjunctiva. The marginal conjunctiva extends from the eyelid margin to the subtarsal fold. The tarsal conjunctiva is firmly attached to the tarsal plate. The orbital conjunctiva lies loosely over underlying structures. Histologically, the conjunctiva has an epithelial layer, adenoid layer, and fibrous layer. The epithelial layers vary between regions from stratified squamous to columnar epithelium. The adenoid layer contains lymphocytes and the fibrous layer consists of collagen and elastic fibers with blood vessels and nerves
Hirschberg test
The Hirschberg test provides an objective estimate of the angle of a manifest squint by measuring the deviation of the corneal light reflex from the center of the pupil in the squinting eye when the patient fixates on a point light held 33cm away. Each millimeter of deviation roughly equals 7 degrees of squint, with 15 degrees indicated if the light reflex reaches the pupil border and 45 degrees if it reaches the limbus.
Maddox rod
1. The Maddox rod test uses a red or white lens with parallel cylinders to convert a point light source into a vertical streak of light, which is used to assess the type and size of strabismus.
2. The test procedure involves placing the Maddox rod in front of one eye to see a vertical streak while fixating on a distant light with both eyes. The relative position of the streak compared to the light indicates the type of strabismus.
3. The amount of strabismus is measured by adding prisms until the streak is seen passing through the light, indicating the strength of prism needed to align the eyes.
Maddox wing
The Maddox wing is an instrument used to measure the amount of near phoria at 33cm through dissociating two dissimilar images seen by each eye. To administer the test, the right eye views a red and white arrow on a scale while the left eye views only the numbers on the scale, with the patient identifying the number indicated by the arrows' positions. The test requires a brightly lit room and the patient wearing any needed optical correction.
Ophthalmoscope
Ophthalmoscopy is a test performed during an eye exam that allows a health professional to examine the interior structures of the eye, especially the retina, using an ophthalmoscope. There are two main types - direct ophthalmoscopy, where the health professional looks directly into the eye, and indirect ophthalmoscopy, where a light is shone into the eye so the health professional can view the retina through a lens. Ophthalmoscopy is used to check for signs of eye diseases and conditions like cataracts, macular degeneration, and retinal tears or detachments.
Synoptophore
The synoptophore is an ophthalmic instrument used to diagnose and treat imbalances of the eye muscles. It consists of two movable lighted tubes that allow visual stimuli to be presented simultaneously to both eyes while compensating for the angle of squint. The synoptophore is used for various orthoptic diagnostic tests and treatments related to binocular vision and retinal correspondence.
Worth 4 dot test
This document describes the Worth four-dot test procedure used to differentiate between binocular single vision (BSV), alternating or harmonious anomalous retinal correspondence (ARC), and various types of suppression. The test involves having the patient view four lights - one red, two green, and one white - through differently colored lenses placed in front of each eye. The number and color of lights seen by the patient can indicate whether they have BSV, ARC, or left, right, alternating, or diplopia suppression. The results must be interpreted in the context of any manifest strabismus present at the time of testing.
Squint
There are several types of squint, or strabismus, which is a condition where the eyes do not align properly. Squints can be classified by the direction the eye turns, whether it is constant or intermittent, when it is present, and if the severity is the same in all directions. Squints can be caused by problems with the eye muscles, nerves transmitting information to the muscles, or the brain's control center for eye movements, and may also be due to general health conditions or eye injuries. Diagnosis involves testing visual acuity, refraction, eye alignment and focusing, as well as an eye exam. Treatment options include glasses, eye patches, Botox injections, eye drops and exercises, vision therapy
Extraocular muscle
There are six extraocular muscles that control movement of the eyeball: the superior and inferior rectus muscles, the medial and lateral rectus muscles, and the superior and inferior oblique muscles. These muscles originate from various parts of the orbit and insert into the sclera. Each muscle is innervated by a specific cranial nerve and has primary, secondary, and tertiary actions responsible for moving the eyeball in different directions.
Slit lamp
The document discusses the three main systems of a slit lamp: the observation system, illumination system, and mechanical system. It describes different illumination techniques used with a slit lamp including diffuse, direct, optic section, parallelepiped, conical beam, and sclerotic scatter illumination. Each technique illuminates the eye in a different way to examine different structures like the cornea, anterior chamber, or cells and proteins in the eye.
Anatomy of eye
The document provides details on the anatomy of the eye. It describes the eye as consisting of three concentric layers - the outer supporting layer (cornea and sclera), middle vascular layer (uvea), and inner neural layer (retina). It notes the eye contains three chambers (anterior, posterior, vitreous), as well as structures like the iris, lens, optic nerve. Each layer, chamber and structure is then described in more detail over multiple paragraphs.
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Osteoporosis BY RAIN HEALTH CARE
- 2. CAUSES
- 3. SYMPTOMS • Bone Fractures • Back pain • Compression fracture of the spine • Decrease in height • Kyphosis
- 4. DIAGNOSIS • PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS • BMD{BONE MINERAL DENSITY} • Blood Calcium levels • 24-hour urine calcium measurement • Thyroid function tests • Parathyroid hormone levels • Testosterone levels in men • 25-hydroxyvitamin D test to determine whether the body has enough vitamin D • Biochemical marker tests
- 5. TREATMENT • MANAGEMENT:: PHYSICAL THERAPY MAINTAIN POSTURE EXERCISE • MEDICATION: Antiresorptive:- Act on osteoclasts and stabilize the bone Thiazide diuretics Formation:- Act on osteoblasts and increase bone formation
- 6. THANK YOU