Indonesia GF 3-3-18, Universitas Gadjah Mada

1. ORIGIN OF THE EARTH
THROUGH THE OLDEST
ROCKS ON THE EARTH
Dr. Nugroho Imam Setiawan
Geological Engineering Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada

2. OUTLINE
• Planet Earth in Solar System
• The Oldest Rocks on Earth and Their
Implication
• Antarctica an Ancient Continent

3. THE BEGINNING
• Big-Bang Hypothesis à
Edwin Hubble (1920)
• Nebular Hypothesis à
Immanuel Kant (1775)
• 13.7 Byr (Planck
CollaboraIon, 2015)
Edwin Hubble Immanuel Kant

4. HOW OLD IS THE EARTH?
• Age of Chondrites à ± 4.54 Byr
(PaOerson et al., 1955; Allegre
et al., 1995; Dalrymple, 1994) hOps://meteorites.asu.edu/
Effect of Asteroid impact
googlemap
hOps://apod.nasa.gov/
Chondrite rock

5. COMPARED TO THE MARS
• Age of MarIan meteorites à 4.42 Byr (Pb-Pb, Belluci et al., 2015)
hOp://www.esa.int/
USGS
hOp://www.nasa.gov/

6. HOW ABOUT MOON?
NaIonal Museum of Natural History
hOps://www.nasa.gov/
hOp://nauIl.us/ Age of Moonrock from Apollo 14 à ± 4.51 Byr
(Barbony et al., 2017)
Taylor, 1998

7. HOW THE AGE OF THE ROCKS CAN BE ESTIMATED?
(Harley et al., 2007) SHRIMP in NIPR, Japan
LA-ICP-MS in Kyushu Univ. Japan

8. THE OLDEST ROCKS ON EARTH >3.2 Byr ?
Condie, 2007

9. LISTS OF ORDEST
ROCKS ON EARTH
No Loca'on Rock Type Age (Byr) Source
1 Mount Narryer, Western
Australia
Quartzite,
Conglomerate
~4.4 e.g. Carosie et al., 20017;
Wilde et al., 2001
2 Acasta gneiss, NW
Canada
Orthogneiss ~4.4 e.g. Wilde et al., 2001;
Bowring & Williams, 1999
3 NurruagiOuq greenstone
belt, Canada
Orthogneiss,
Amphibolite
3.8 e.g. Perciral & Card, 1994;
Perciral et al., 1992
4 Wyoming Gneiss Orthogneiss,
Amphibolite
4.0 – 3.2 e.g. Wooden & Mueller, 1988;
Frost & Frost, 1993
5 Itsag gneiss, Soutwest
Greenland
Orthogneiss,
Amphibolite
~3.8, 3.6 Nutman et al., 2007; 1993
6 Siberian gneiss, Lake
Baikal
TTG 3.69 – 3.49 Rosen & Tirkina, 2007
7 North China craton TTG >3.6 Song et al., 1996; Liu et al.,
1992
8 AntarcIc gneiss, Lutzow-
Holm Complex
TTG 4.06 – 3.85 Cawood, 2005; Harley & Kelly,
2007
Glickson, 2014
Wilde et al., 2001

10. • Very thick primiIve young
oceanic slab
• Enriched of 18O isotope à
indicaIng of low temperature
interacIons à Liquid water
• Evidence of the oceans at 4.3 –
4.4 Byr ???
• Beginning differenIaIon of
earth structure
IMPLICATION

11. Napier Complex, Mount Riiser-Larsen,
East Antarctica à 3.3 Byr

12. • Total of 10 topic of research study in JARE 58
1. Meteorological observaIon
2. Atmospheric observaIon
3. Upper atmospheric physics
4. Penguin
5. Terrestrial biology
6. Oceanography
7. Geophysics
8. Tidal observaIon
9. Geodesy
10. Geology
• With total member of 80 members including engineer, construcIon, IT, chef, maintenance,
school teacher, government officer, etc.
• ExpediIon start on 27 Nov 2016 – 20 March 2017 (± 4 month) for summer party and unIl 20
March 2018 for winter party (1 year, 4 month)
• Approximately 1 month ship voyage to AntarcIca, 2 month on land, and 1 month ship voyage
to Australia
• Chief expediIon JARE 58: Prof. Yoichi Motoyoshi (NIPR)

13. Indonesia
Australia
AntarcIca
Perth
Target Area:
Dronning Maud Land &
Enderby Land
Madagascar
New Zealand
South Africa

14. Antarctic Continent
• Located in South Pole
• 14 Million Km2 (5th larger aper
Asia, Africa, North America &
South America). Approx. 7x
Indonesia.
• 98% covered by ice
• Climate data in Syowa StaIon:
Syowa StaIon

15. East Antarc*ca
3800~500 Ma
East Antarc*ca 3800~500 Ma
West
Antarc*ca
200 Ma~
Transantarc*c
Mountains
500 Ma~
West
Antarc*ca
200 Ma~
Transantarc*c
Mountains
500 Ma~
Japanese
Antarctic activity
areaSyowa Station
Hadean Archaean Proterozoic Phanerozoic4.56Ga Present 4.0 2.5 0.54
GEOLOGI OF ANTARCTICA
West AntarcIca:
Mesozoic~Cenozoic
island arcs and microplates
TransantarcIc Mountains:
Paleozoic basement, and
Mesozoic~Cenozoic sediments
East AntarcIca:
Archean/Proterozoic~early Paleozoic
high-grade terranes

16. ANTARCTICA AS KEY ROLE OF THE PLATE TECTONICS
• AntarcIc discoveries
of glossopteris floras
by the expediIon
1885 – 1909
• Later, Wegener 1912
proposed ConInental
Drip the embryo of
Plate Tectonics

17. Location of Archaean Napier Complex, East Antarctica
Antarctic Ice Sheet

18. Recent zircon SHRIMP U-Pb data from other
area of the Napier Complex
Locali*es of >3600 Ma~ inherited/protoliths
Locali*es of c.3000 Ma~ protoliths
Locali*es of c.3300 Ma~ protoliths

19. Typical lithologies at Mt. Riiser-Larsen
Grt-Qtz-Fsp gneiss
(grani*c gneiss)
Opx-Qtz-Fsp gneiss
(tonali*c gneiss)
Grt-Sil gneiss
(peli*c gneiss)
Magne*te-Qtz gneiss
(meta-BIF)
Sapphirine-Osumilite gneiss
(Mg-Al-rich metasediments)
Mostly anhydrous mineral assemblages !
- responsible for granulite (~UHT) metamorphic condiDons

20. Discovery of ultra high temperature (UHT) rock
First report of the natural occurrence of
Sapphirine+quartz from Napier Complex
by Dallwitz (1968)
which indicates metamorphic T >1000ºC
based on the experimental constraints
by Hensen & Green (1971, 1972, 1973) sapphirine
Spr
Qtz
Qtz
Opx

21. SIT ON 3.3 Byr !!

22. THANK YOU